Introduction
There are currently eight data bases on this blogspot, namely, the Glossary of Cultural and Architectural Terms, Timelines of Fabrics, Dyes and Other Stuff, A Fashion Data Base, the Glossary of Colors, Dyes, Inks, Pigments and Resins, the Glossary of Fabrics, Fibers, Finishes, Garments and Yarns, Glossary of Art, Artists, Art Motifs and Art Movements, Glossary of Paper, Photography, Printing, Prints and Publication Terms and the Glossary of Scientific Terms, which has been updated to Version 3.5. All data bases will be updated from time-to-time in the future.
Glossary of Art, Artists, Art Motifs and Art Movements is highly focused, containing definitions and terms pertinent to the specific categories in the title and moreover, including artists in such diverse media as ArtCloth, Art Quilts and Printmaking. The choice is selective otherwise this glossary would quickly become unmanageable. It is limited to those whose artwork I have enjoyed and those feature on this blogspot rather than those whose works are well known.
If you find any post on this blog site useful, you can save it or copy and paste it into your own "Word" document etc. for your future reference. For example, Safari allows you to save a post (e.g. click on "File", click on "Print" and release, click on "PDF" and then click on "Save As" and release - and a PDF should appear where you have stored it). Safari also allows you to mail a post to a friend (click on "File", and then point cursor to "Mail Contents On This Page" and release). Either way, this or other posts on this site may be a useful Art Resource for you.
The Art Resource series will be the first post in each calendar month. Remember - these Art Resource posts span information that will be useful for a home hobbyist to that required by a final year University Fine-Art student and so undoubtedly, some parts of any Art Resource post may appear far too technical for your needs (skip over those mind boggling parts) and in other parts, it may be too simplistic with respect to your level of knowledge (ditto the skip). The trade-off between these two extremes will mean that Art Resource posts will hopefully be useful in parts to most, but unfortunately may not be satisfying to all! The references - that were invaluable in this compilation - are given at the end of the glossary.
Glossary of Art, Artists, Art Motifs and Art Movements
Abbott, Agnes: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Traditional Aboriginal Art - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Atyelpe.
Handpainted Silk.
Abstract: Unrecognisable forms and layouts. In the textile business the word "abstract" is used to describe a non-objective motif that cannot be described in any other way.
Abstract Art: Referring to a style that relies on pure form for its effect, rather than attempting to represent any object.
Jackson Pollack - Number One.
Abstract Expressionism: A style of painting (mainly centered in USA in the 1950s and 1960s) emphasizing spontaneous execution, large brushing gestures, bursts of muscular energy, and non-representational imagery.
William de Kooning - Woman III.
Abstraction: The essential form after superficial or changeable features have been taken away; sometimes used (incorrectly) to mean any image that does not resemble its model reality.
Abuna-e (Risqué Pictures - Japanese): Ukiyo-e, which illustrate gently erotic scenes.
The fourth print of the 'Jewel Box' series.
Academic: The artistic approach taught in the 18th and 19th Century art academies of Europe; a philosophy of art based on bland limitations of ancient classical art; by extension, any systematic, traditional, anti-experimental type of art.
William-Adolphe Bouguereau - Lullaby, 1875 (French Academic Art).
Académie Royale: (French: Royal Academy). Official name Académie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture: state run academy of art set up in Paris by Anne of Austria with support of Cardinal Mazarin, that maintained an academy with Ecole des Beaux-Arts and continues to this day. In 1666 it was expanded to include the Académie Francaise in Rome.
Acimboldo, Giuseppe (1527 - 1593, Milan): Studied under his father and worked in his studio until 1559. Court painter in Prague (1562-1587) where he produced his best known allegorial pictures in which fruit, plants, and similar objects develop stylistically into lively pictures.
Action Painting: A style in which the meaning and content of a picture relies strongly on the implied activity of the painted surface, especially the signs of brushing, spattering and dripping paint; related to abstract expressionism.
Action painter (unknown).
Adamson, Imiyari (Yilpi): Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Traditional Aboriginal Art - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Batik on silk.
Aerosol Art (Graffiti Term): Graffiti in which pictorial elements are incorporated into the designs, often referencing cartoon and comic book characters from popular culture.
Aesthetic: Pertaining to art theory or matters of taste and appreciation in art; the beautiful as opposed to the good, true or useful; any vivid or intense experience. Also an aesthetic: an artistic or stylistic point of view; a philosophy of art; an engagement of the senses.
One person's aesthetics is another persons nightmare!
Afterimage: Any phenomenon that lingers on, even though it does not actually exist.
Negative afterimage.
Aging: Variety of techniques for simulating the effect of time and wear on new paint, wood or plasterwork.
Costume distressing.
Aiban (Japanese): A print size between chūban and ōban; 13.5 x 8.75 inches (34 x 22 cm).
The Actor Nakamura Riko with a courtesan, from an untitled series of aiban prints.
Airbrush: (i) Pressure gun with very fine nozzle, used for graded tonal effects in artwork; (ii) Imitating effects produced with a painter's spray air gun. Often creates patterns with a light, soft, and modern look.
Ian McCausland airbrush print of the 1973 Rolling Stone's Australian tour.
Aizuri-e (Blue Printed Pictures - Japanese): Prints done in shades of blue and which were seen in the prints of the late 1820s to 1840s.
Artist: Utagawa Toyokxuni II (二代歌川豊国).
Print: Aizuri-e - A courtesan holding a pipe (kisser) watches a pair of ducks, from the series "Five Modern Beauties".
Alabaster: Marble-like stone, usually white, used in sculpturing objects.
F. Pugi (Italian, ca. 19th Century) alabaster sculpture.
Albers, Annie: Art Category: Weaver. Art Movement: Bauhaus.
Triple Weave Hanging (1926).
Albers, Josef: Art Category: Glass Painter. Art Movements: de Stijl, Abstract Expressionism.
Upward (1926).
Alla Prima: Italian for 'all at once'; direct painting; immediate achievement of final effects; the painting has one 'skin' rather than many layers; the opposite of indirect painting.
Among the earliest to take advantage of the qualities of all prima (wet-on-wet) painting were the Dutch, who put it into practice in the 15th Century. Jan Van Eyck’s Arnolfini Wedding Portrait from 1434 is an example of a combination of traditional and wet-on-wet oil painting.
Alleyways: Unintentional lines formed by negative spaces (spaces vacant of motifs) in a design.
Allover: A layout in which motifs are fairly close and evenly distributed as opposed to stripes, borders, plaids, and engineered designs. Another term is overall.
An example of an allover floral design.
Allston, Washington: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Romantic Landscape.
Moonlit Landscape.
Anaglyph: Carving or ornament in bas-relief of a sculptured object.
Tunnels. Nibiru anaglyph 3d by Osipenkov.
Andrews, Beth: Art Category: Wearable Artist. Art Movement: Wearable Art.
Untitled (2009).
Materials and Techniques: Merino fleece, wool button, industrial steel pieces; wet felted, resist, tailored, needle punched, resist dyed.
Size: 81 x 44 cm.
Angels (Graffiti Term): Famous or respected graffiti artists who have died. The people who admire them tag their names on a wall with halos above them or make tribute pieces with their faces or tag with the dates of their birth to death.
Animation: A representation of motion by series of fast changing images using different platforms (e.g. fast flicking paper, film, computers etc.)
Bugs Bunny (a Warner Brothers animation).
Antependium: A structure painted or metalwork (or fabric) which hangs in the front of an altar.
1800s silk altar frontal antependium cloth long antique French religious church liturgical fabric hand woven painted saint w embroidery.
Anthemion: A classical motif based on a stylized honeysuckle plant or a radiating, fan-shaped palm leaf (palette) commonly found in Greek, Egyptian, Assyrian, and other ancient art.
Georgian stucco frequently employed the Greek anthemion design.
Appel, Karel: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Portrait of Theo Wolvecamp (1957).
Apuatimi, Declan: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movements: Tiwi Design - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Carpet Snake. List cotton (detailed view).
Apuatimi, Jean Baptiste: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movements: Tiwi Design - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Jilamara. Raw silk (detailed view).
Aquarelle: Painting made using transparent water colors.
Alan Reed - Tyne Bridges Summer Sunset.
Aquatint: Etching process producing tonal effects.
Francisco Goya Spanish (1746-1828) - Eshan clients, (They are Hot).
Technique: Aquatint, etching.
Arabesque: Imagery that resembles the flowing interlaces of Islamic art; stylized ornamental motifs based on plants and flowers; intricate and fantastic decorative pattern of organic or geometric design.
Arabesque seamless pattern in blue.
Archaic: Primitive, antiquated or obsolete; Greek art before 17th Century BC. Also, archaic smile - the expression, almost a smile, of Greek sculptured heads before the 7th Century.
Peplos Garmen (530 BC, Greek, Archaic period).
Archipenko, Alexander: Art Category: Sculptor. Art Movement: Cubism.
Seated Black Torso.
Architectonic: Architectural. Paintings, sculptures or craft objects that exhibit the structural or textural traits of buildings.
Architectural collages by Jess Nordqvist.
Arial Perspective: Creation of depth illusions in painting through the use of diminishing intensity of colors, the use of cooler colors for distant objects, softening of edges and blurring of focus.
Photo by Coyote-Agile. Incorporation of aerial perspective.
Armature: The skeleton or framework inside a wax or clay (usually) sculpture; it supports the work while it is being modeled.
Foal Armature (around which the sculpture of a foal is built).
Arp, Hans: Art Category: Sculptor, Painter. Art Movement: Dada, Abstraction-Creation.
Color Pochoir (1949).
Arriccio: In fresco practice, the plaster coat which underlies the final painting coat; traditionally composed of lime and sand. In English, brown coat.
Ars Sacra: Literally “scared art”. The phrase was used as a title of an exhibition of early medieval art held in Bonn in 1949, but has, thanks to the book – The Oxford History of Western Art (Peter Lakos, 1972) - more recently have been applied to small-scale arts of metalworking and ivory carving of the period.
Saint Mary University's Ars Sacra Exhibit.
ArtCloth: ArtCloth was a term invented by Jane Dunnewold at the dawn of the 21st Century. It must satisfy the three necessary conditions that circumscribe artwork. It has been widely used to embrace a myriad of “Art” that utilizes cloth as its medium.
Marie-Therese Wisniowski's ArtCloth, Rainforest Memories II (detailed view).
Art Coordinator: The manager or administrator of an Australian Aboriginal arts center, usually employed from outside the local community and answerable to an Aboriginal committee of artists.
Art Deco: Style of decorative art of the 1920s and 1930s, characterized by smooth lines, bold colors, minimalist designs, and the use of new materials, such as tubular steel, plate glass and plastic.
Erté - Oriental Tale.
Art Nouveau: French for “new art” (Judendstil in German); highly decorative style of the 1890s that emerged from Europe and the USA; emphasis on the whiplash curve, rich color, flat patterns, floral ornamentation, vertical attenuations.
Mucha - Cycles Perfects (ca. 1897).
Art Paper: Paper with a hard, smooth surface caused by an even coating of china clay compound on one or both sides.
Arts and Crafts Movement: A tendency originating in England around 1860 (and particularly associated with William Morris) that also manifested itself elsewhere in Europe and the USA. It was characterized by a belief in “truth to materials”, honesty of form, and integrity of decoration, and was frequently associated with a commitment to hand-craft (rather than mechanized) means of production.
Detail from a season ticket for The Arts & Crafts Exhibition Society, by Walter Crane, England, UK, 1890. Museum no. E.4164-1915. © Victoria & Albert Museum, London.
Artwork - The Three Necessary Conditions: There are three necessary (as opposed to definitions) that all artworks possess: (i) they need to be 'engaged'; (ii) they are non-functional, and (iii) they are aesthetic.
Aslett, Katelyn: Art Category: Wearable Artist. Art Movement: Wearable Art.
Origami and Rosie Skirt (2006).
Materials and Techniques: Merino, silk; hand dyed, hand felted.
Assemblage: Creation of imagery by aggregation of different materials, often fragments of other recognizable images and objects.
Soft sculpture assemblage - Original Mummy Art.
Assemblages: Three-dimensional collages made from objects such as stones, scraps of wood, parts of a clock or any material which has bulk.
Collages by Abigail Reynolds.
Asymmetrical Pattern: A pattern lacking visible signs of symmetry, such as rotation or reflection.
Asymmetrical camouflage pattern.
Asymmetry: The absence of symmetry in a motif or pattern. See Asymmetrical Pattern.
Asymmetrical motif based on American Indian pattern.
Atlas, Telamon: Male statue used as a column, as in an ancient Greek temple.
Atlas Telamon (Vienna, Austria).
Atos (Tag): Art Category: Spray-can Artist. Art Movement: Graffiti.
Auerbach, Frank: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Expressionism Revisited.
Defeat of death.
Aurum Mussivum: Mosaic gold.
Australian Tapestry Workshop: Formerly known as the Victorian Tapestry Workshop, was formed in 1976 and is situated in South Melbourne. The Workshop initially began with weaving small tapestries in scale and restricted in complexity of design in order to develop a reservoir of expertise in weaving. However, within a dozen years the weavers produced a stunning and highly complex tapestry for the Australian Federal Parliament based on Robin Boyd's design (see below).
Title: The Reception Hall Tapestry (detailed view of one section of the tapestry).
Designer: Arthur Boyd.
Interpretation: Leonie Bessant.
Weavers: Leonie Bessant, Sue Corsairs, Irene Creedon, Robyn Daw, Owen Hammond, Kate Hutchinson, Pam Joyce, Peta Meredith, Robyn Mountcastle, Joy Smith, Jennifer Sharp, Irja West.
Autographic: (i) Mark made on a fabric by hand; (ii) Revealing or seeming to reveal an artist’s hand or touch.
Autographic drawing.
Autographic Positive: Positive made by painting or drawing opaque marks on a transparent or translucent substrate.
Avant-Garde: French word for those who are advanced, 'ahead of the times'; artists who point out the direction others will follow.
The intensity of Russian Avant-Garde Artists (1890 -1930).
Avery, Milton: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Landscape Abstraction.
Artist's Wife (1930).
Awely: An Alyawarr and Anmatyerr word (Aboriginal languages) meaning women's designs and ceremonies; Anmatyerr is spoken by many of the artists from the Utopia region (Australia).
Aboriginal painting by Minnie Pwerle: 'Awely Anemangkerr' – Utopia Lane Art.
Awning Stripes: A pattern of relatively wide, even, usually vertical stripes of solid color on a lighter ground. Resembles the pattern on awning fabrics.
Awning Stripe Fabric - Red.
Axes: (pl. axis) Imaginary line defining the center of an object around which the object rotates or is symmetrical on a flat plane; that is, the central line, real or imaginary, around which parts of a work of art are composed and balanced.
Axonometric Projections: Orthographic projections in which the object is inclined in relation to the picture plane, as distinct from 'multi-view projections.' There are basically three forms – see figure below.
Background: The part of a design that appears to be farthest from the viewer and behind the objects of interest. Can be a solid color, texture, random objects or another pattern (patterned ground). Also called ground. Opposite of foreground.
Background Art: Part of a design such as a pattern or texture forming a background for type and illustration.
Background (Graffiti Term): The picture plane onto which a piece is painted.
Backjump (Graffiti Term): A quickly executed throw up or panel piece. Backjumps' are usually painted on a temporarily parked train or a running bus.
Back to Back (Graffiti Term): Graffiti that covers a wall from end to end, as seen on some parts of the West-Berlin side of the Berlin Wall. Similarly, trains sometimes receive end-to-end painting when a carriage has been painted along its entire length. This is often abbreviated as e2e. End to ends used to be called window-downs but this is an older expression that is falling from popularity.
Bacon, Francis: Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: Surrealism, Subjective Expressionism.
Self Portrait (1971).
Bagley, Roshannah: Art Category: Surface Design. Art Movement: Digital.
Basilica (Placement) (2010).
Baker, Nyukana: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Traditional Aboriginal Art - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Batik on silk.
Bakst, Leon: Art Category: Wearable Artist. Art Movement: Wearable Art.
Balance: In a layout or design, an arrangement that is visually pleasing.
Balanced Design: A design with no line-ups, alleyways, or holes.
Ying Yang - a well known balanced design.
Balanced Stripes: A symmetrical layout, in which colored bands are arranged around a center.'
An example of a balanced stripe design.
Baldovinitti, Alesso (1425 - 1499, Florence): He was an important exponent of the early Renaissance in his home town. He followed the example of his teachers: namely Domenico Veneziano, Fra Angelico, Andrea del Castagno and Piero della Francesca, whose achievements he linked at high level. Later artist such as Ghirlandaio, Pollaiuolo and Verrocchio were inspired by his works.
Baldung, Hans: Known as 'Grien (1484/85? Schwäbisch-Gmünd - 1545 Stasbourg) probably trained somewhere on the Upper Rhine and was an apprentice to Dürer in Nuremberg in 1503/07. Established himself as a master in Nuremberg in 1510. In Freiburg i. Br. 1512-1518. Although his religious paintings were rooted in the Middle Ages, his mythological and allegorical motifs and nudes were evidence of his humanistic thinking.
Balla, Giacomo: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Futurism.
Landscape.
Balthus, Joan Miro: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Realism.
Joan Miro and his daughter Dolores.
Bancroft, Bronwyn: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Aboriginal Culture.
Title: Snake Escape (1995).
Lani Durland Studio, Sydney (Australia).
Technique: Screen print on Cloth.
Size: 314.0 x 145.5 cm.
Banker: Sculptor's work bench.
Banksy: Art Category: Stencil Artist. Art Movement: Graffiti.
Banksy's New York exhibition.
Barbican School: Group of 19th Century French artists who delighted in landscapes for their own sake.
The Gleaners. Jean-François Millet. 1857. Musée d'Orsay, Paris.
Bardayal, Lofty: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Traditional Aboriginal Art - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Mini Figures.
Screen-printed cotton twill.
Baren (Japanese): A circular pad that was wrapped in a sheath of bamboo fiber and which was used in the woodblock printing process.
Sosaku Baren.
Barlach, Ernst: Art Category: Sculptor. Art Movement: Neo-Classical.
Degenerate art: Ernst Barlach: Self-portrait (1928).
Barnett, Margret: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Abstract Color-Field.
Title: Simply Transformed.
Materials and Techniques: Three meters silk satin, orinui shibori, dye.
Baroque: (Porttuguese barocco meaning 'small stones, not round'). Europeaan style period between the end of Mannerism (ca. 1600) and the beginning of Rococo (ca. 1720/30). Originally a goldsmithing term, where 'barcco' is an uneven pearl. It was characterized by irregularity of form, illusions of infinite space, theatricality of color and lighting, grandiose gestures, over life-size figuration.
Samson and Delilah (1609-1610) by Peter Paul Rubens, the great Flemish Baroque painter.
Base Artwork: Artwork requiring the addition of other elements.
Basrelief (bassorelievo, low relief): Sculpture in which the figures project only slightly from the background.
Bask, Leon: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Symbolism.
Leon Bask was also a costume designer for Ballet Russe.
Base Relief: Three-dimensional design in which the image stands in shallow relief from a flat background.
BAT: Perfect proof passed by an artist as a standard against which prints in an edition will be compared.
Batik: Method of printing on cloth using a series of wax deposits, which are added one by one between a series of dyeing operations.
Batiks billowing in the breeze at Ahalper (Australia), Utopia Batik Revival Workshop (2007).
Batik Printing: Batik printing is a resist printing in that it employs a waxy material or special paste to prevent the dye from penetrating the fabric.
Bauchant, Andre: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Naïve Realism.
Adam and Eve (1938).
Bauhaus: The school of art and industrial design founded in 1919 by Walter Gropius to promote the unity of all arts; closed by the Hitler regime in 1933. See post on this blog spot.
Anni Albers tapestry (Bauhaus).
Baya: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Expressionism.
Femme et Oiseau en Cage (1945).
Bazille, Federic: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Impressionism.
View of the Village (1868).
Baziotes, William: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Abstract Color-Field.
The Flesh Eaters (1952).
Bead and Reel: A decorative motif consisting of oval or round shapes ("beads") alternating with elongated or cylindrical shapes ("reels").
Bead and Reel motif.
Beardmore, Rebecca: Art Category: Printmaker. Art Movement: Abstract Expressionism.
Reflection Series.
Beardsley, Aubrey: Art Category: Painter, Drawer. Art Movement: Art Nouveau.
Isolde (1895).
Beckmann, Max: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: German Expressionism.
Beehler, Laura: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Abstract Expressionism.
Under Pressure (detailed view).
Beeston, Larry: Art Category: Weaver - see below.
Beeston, Mary Art Category: Tapestry Designer. Art Movement: Post Modernism.
The "Hunter Tapestry" which hangs in the Great Hall (The University of Newcastle, Australia) was designed by Mary Bestow and the weaving was executed by Larry Bestow and Rachel Frecker over the period 1987-1989.
Belling, Rudolf: Art Category: Sculptor. Art Movement: Neo-Impressionism.
Rudolf Belling - Head in Mahagoni (1921).
Bellini, Jacopo: Bellini, Jacopo (1400 Venice - 1470/71 Venice), father of Giovanni Bellini. Studied under Gentile da Fabriano. Followed his teacher to Florence from 1423 to 1425. Worked mainly in Venice. His style marked the transition in Venetian art from soft medieval style to early Renaissance. Also an important sketcher, as is evident from his books of sketches on display in the Louvre.
Bellows, George: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Urban Realism.
The Big Dory (1913).
Benday Prints: A series of mechanical tints in the form of celluloid sheets that are used in block making and lithography to add texture, shading and detail to line drawings.
Artist: Roy Lichtenstein.
Title: Nude with Blue Hair.
Note: the bendy dots in the print.
Bengal Stripes: Stripes of apparently the same width and alternating light and dark colors. Bengal stripes are usually wider than candy stripes, but narrower than awning stripes. Commonly used in wallpaper, upholstery, and shirtings. Originated in India and became popular during the Regency era in the United Kingdom. Also called Regency stripes and tiger stripes.
Blue Stripes.
Beni-e (Red [beni] Pictures - Japanese): Prints in which beni (red) was applied by hand to a black and white print.
Attributed to Okumura Masanobu (1686-1764).
Hosoban, beni-e, hand-colorer woodblock print (1730-1735).
Size: 27 x 14.4 cm.
Benigirai-e (Red-Hating Picture - Japanese): A print with no red (pink) pigments.
Benigirai-e Print.
Benizuri-e (Pink Printed Pictures - Japanese): Prints using pale pastel shades; they are principally found in prints of the 1970s.
Benizuri-e print.
Benn, Claire: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Abstract Expressionism.
Breathe Deeply (detailed view).
Benner, Ulrieke: Art Category: Wearable Artist. Art Movement: Wearable Art.
Title: Coat of Many Colors (2008).
Materials and Techniques: Merino wool, silk and nuno techniques.
Size: 91.1 cm long.
Bennett, June: Art Category: Soft Sculpture. Art Movement: Modernism.
Title: Pegasus.
Materials and Techniques: Carved wood, machine appliqué, felt, recycled doilies, knitted and crocheted pieces glued, dyed with tea and coffee. Mounted on granite plinth.
Benois, Alexandre: Art Category: Painter, Wearable Art. Art Movement: Symbolism, Wearable Art.
Benson, Regina: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Title: lo Rising II (detailed view)
Benyahialger, Samta: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Marseille (2002/03).
Mixed Media: Pearls, Nylon and Tulle.
Berger, Otti: Art Category: Weaver. Art Movement: Bauhaus.
Rug.
Bernini, Gianlorenzo: (Giovanni Lorenzo; 1598 Naples - 1680 Rome). He studied under his father, a sculptor and painter, and accompanied him to Rome in 1605. Initially sponsored by the Borghese family, then became the papal sculptor and architect under the popes Urban VIII, his main sponsor, and Innocent X, Alexander VII, and Clement IX. His extensive sculptural oeuvre included works in every style. Played a key role in determining the Baroque appearance of the city of Rome as the designer of St. Peter's Basilica and of other churches and a number of fountains.
Gianlorenzo Bernini, Self Portrait as a Youth (1623). Courtesy: Galleria Borghese, Rome (Italy).
Biedermeier Style: A term first used in the 1850s to characterize an unpretentious bourgeois style of furniture and interior decoration found particularly in Germany and Austria from about 1815 to 1848.
Biedermeier style arm chairs.
Bijinga (Beautiful Women - Japanese): Bijinga were pictures of beautiful women.
Bijinga Print.
Bingham, George Caleb: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Romantic Landscape.
Fur Traders on Missouri River (1845).
Binder: Adhesive: glue in colorants that holds paints to a surface.
Bio (tag): Art Category: Muralist. Art Movement: Street Art.
Birkle, Christine: Art Category: Wearable Artist. Art Movement: Wearable Art.
Title: Hut Up (2010).
Materials and Techniques: Merino wool, cotton.
Various sizes.
Bite (Graffiti Term): To steal another artist's ideas, name, lettering or color schemes. Seasoned artists will often complain about toys that bite their work.
Black Book (Graffiti Term): A graffiti artist's sketchbook. Also known as a "piece book." It is often used to sketch out and plan potential graffiti, and to collect tags from other writers. It is a writer's most valuable property, containing all or a majority of the person's sketches and pieces. A writer’s sketchbook is carefully guarded from the police and other authorities, as it can be used as material evidence in a graffiti vandalism case and link a writer to previous illicit works.
Blending: A technique of producing seamless patterns by smoothing away boundaries between neighbouring units of repeat.
Vector abstract lines blend pattern design elements.
Blending Brush: See softening brush.
Blockbusters or Blockies (Graffiti Term): Straight letter style, simple throw ups with a minimal use of colour that covers up the work of other writers.
Block In: To sketch in the main areas and reference points of an image as preparation for a drawing or design.
Block Out: A masking material used to cover areas of the screen that are not to be printed.
Block Printing: Wood, linoleum, rubber, metal or compositional blocks etc. are used for reproducing designs on textiles.
Hand block printing using wooden blocks.
Block Repeat: A layout in which the repeating unit appears directly on a horizontal line to the left or right of the original design unit. Also called square repeat, straight-across repeat, and straight repeat.
Block repeat patterns.
Bloom: A foggy, whitish (or blue-white) dull surface effect, which forms on varnished pictures or other vanished objects.
Blotch: An irregular area of foreground or background color around the motif.
Blotch Printing: A process in which an open screen is used, where the dyestuff covers the entire surface of the fabric.
Blotch printed fabric.
Boccioni, Umberto: Art Category: Sculptor, Painter. Art Movement: Futurism.
Futurism Bronze Figure - Warrior with Spear.
Bocklin, Arnold: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Romanticism.
The Island of the Living.
Bomb (Graffiti Term): To bomb or hit is to paint many surfaces in an area. Bombers often choose to paint throw-ups or tags instead of complex pieces, as they can be executed more quickly.
Bonington, Richard Parkes: (1801 Arnold, near Nottingham - 1828 London). Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: French Landscape. He was a trailblazer of realistic landscape art. Studied watercolor in Calais. He went to Paris in 1818, where he met Théodore Géicault and Eugéne Delacroix. Found early success in France, but returned ill from a journey to Italy in 1828 and died a short while later. His feeling for nature and the freshness and the spontaneity of his style influenced Constable and ther Barbizon School.
On the Coast of Picardy (1826).
Bonnard, Pierre: Art Category: Painter, Printer. Art Movements: Post-Impressionism, Intimism.
The Terrace at Vernonnet (1939).
Border Design: A pattern designed to run lengthwise along the edge of the fabric or wallpaper.
A single border design, with the design running the entire width of the fabric.
Bosch, Hieronymus: (c.a. 1450 s'Hertogenbosh - 1516 s'Hertogenbosch). Born Hieronymus van Aken into a family of artists. Was famous in his own time, and received important commissions for painting, stained glass windows, and decorative works. His usually religious works are noted for an independent, hard to catagorize symbolism. They reflect the gray, extravagant fanatasies of seriously frightened people. The effect is reinforced by peculiar creatures that turn into grotesques, and are also satrical portayals of customs and manners of his time.
Bostock, Euphemia: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Aboriginal Culture.
Title: Possum Skin (ca. 1985).
Technique: Screen print on Silk Taffeta.
Size: 300.0 x 120.0 cm.
Botanical: A pattern design showing realistic representation of herbs, garden plants, and other botanical objects. Also a design based on botanical illustrations.
Boteh: A stylized teardrop-shaped design originally on shawls from Kashmir and mass-produced in Paisley, Scotland. Same as paisley.
Indian "Boteh" design, shawl manufacture in Paisley, Scotland.
Botticelli, Sandro: (1444 Florence - 1510 Florence). Born Alessandro di Mariano Filipepi. Worked mainly in his hometown. Student of Lipi, and strongly influenced by Verrocchio and Pollaiuolo. Botticelli developed an atmospheric, antique style of mythological pictures. Received important motivation from the circle of Humanists around Lorenzo dé Medici, his main client.
Boucher, Francois: (1703 Paris - 1770 Paris). One of the main exponents of Rococo in France. Influenced most by his teachers, Lemoyer and Watteau. His sparkling career at the Academy commenced after a trip to Italy from 1727 to 1731, whose director he also became before being made the king's first painter in 1765. His decorative works with mythological and social motifs and his erotic pictures radiate beauty and joie de vivre that matched prevailing taste at court, but also found considerable criticism from the populace.
Boudin, Eugene: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Impressionism.
Title: Le Havre, Francais Tower (ca. 1854).
Bouras, Ammar: Art Category: Printmaker, Film Maker. Art Movement: Naïve Realism.
Title: Hommage (2011).
Bradshaw Figures: See Gwion Gwion.
Group of Bradshaw Figures (Kimberley, North-West, Australia).
Brancusi, Constantin: Art Category: Sculptor. Art Movements: Cubism, Romanian Folk Art, African Primitive Art.
Une muse.
Braque, Georges: Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: Cubism, Fauvism.
Harbor in Normandy (1909).
Brauner, Victor: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Surrealism.
The Boyar (1958).
Bravura: Spirited brushwork.
Sargent illustrating bravura brushstroke.
Breton, Andre: Art Category: Theoretician. Art Movement: Surrealism.
(1896 - 1966).
Brick Layout: A layout in which every second row is shifted halfway in the horizontal direction.
Face Brick Pattern.
Brodie, Jim: Art Category: Printmaker. Art Movement: Photographic Realism.
The Martyrdom of Saint Wacko.
Broken Color: Painting technique typical of Impressionism; short touches of bright color, often complementaries, place side-by-side to create a vibrating effect.
Painting by Sam King - an example of broken color.
Bronzing: Producing a gold or metallic effect by applying powder to a sheet treated with special printing ink.
Brown, Donna: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Aboriginal Culture.
Title: The Gounge (ca. 1995).
Technique: Painted on Silk.
Size: 115.5 x 293.0 cm.
Brown, M: Art Category: Printmaker. Art Movement: Art Nouveau.
Schweppes, Table Waters (1890).
Brownprint: Same as van Dyke print.
Sandstone - Van Dyke brown prints.
Bruce, Kelli: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Traditional Aboriginal Art - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Untitled.
Material: Marbled cotton.
Bruegel (Breugel), Pieter the Elder: (ca. 1525? Breda - 1589 Brussels). Joined the Guild of Artists in Antwerp in 1551. Traveled to Italy the following year, returning probably in 1555. Settled in Brussels in 1583 and joined the circle of Humanists around the scholar and poet Dirck Volkersten Coornhert. His landscapes were reminiscent of Patenir, the grotesqueness of them of Bosch. He made his name with his evocative farming scences, which earned him the nickname of 'Farmer Bruegel.'
Brushes: The usual tools for applying paints. They comprise three parts: the handle, the ferrule and the head. The head consists of animal bristle, usually hog's hair or in cheaper ones, nylon fibers. They come in two shapes: (i) flat heads; (ii) round heads.
Brush Strokes: Make direct marks and stokes onto a fabric. The range of brush strokes can be as varied as the types and sizes of brushes used.
Brutalism: An architectural style in 1950s featuring exposed steel and large areas of coarse, undecorated concrete; the building treated like an Expressionistic sculpture.
Brutalist architecture.
Buff (Graffiti Term): To remove painted graffiti with chemicals and other instruments, or to paint over it with a flat color.
Buist, Judy: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Title: New Galaxies - Supermassive Black Holes & Quasars (detailed view).
Materials and Techniques: Knitted garment sleeve, wool, fiber board, canvas, paint, tulle, fabrics, glass beads, knitted and stitched.
Bull's Eye: A pattern of concentric circles, often creating optical effects, such as movement or pulsation.
Bull's Eye Pattern.
Burn (Graffiti Term): (i) To beat a competitor with a style. To rat out an accomplice or crime partner either intentionally or unintentionally; (ii) To wear out.
Burne-Jones, Edward: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Pre-Raphaelitism.
Title: King Cokphetua and the Beggar Maid (1884) - detailed view.
Burner (Graffiti Term): (i) A large, more elaborate type of piece. The piece could be said to be "burning" out of the wall, billboard, or train-side. Because they take so much time and effort, burners in downtown areas are more likely to be legal pieces, painted with the consent of the property owner. The early writers of New York City also did burners illegally on trains, and adventurous modern writers sometimes still do large-scale illegal pieces in heavily trafficked areas; (ii) More recently, any quick chrome bombing or throw-up.
Burning (Graffiti Term): Any work having not been removed. 'That piece is still burning on main street.'
Burri, Alberto: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Title: Sack5P (1953).
Technique: Mixed media and collage.
Bury, Pol: Art Category: Constructivist. Art Movement: Kinetic Art.
Bunten (Japanese): Abbreviation for 'Monbushō bijutsu tenrankai' Ministry of Education (Art Exhibition).
Byzantine/Byzantine Icons: The art and architecture, mainly religious, of Byzantine Empire; icon paintings of sacred persons venerated in eastern Orthodox Church; style of strict frontality, little or no naturalistic modelling, rich decoration, other-worldly outlook.
Apse mosaic, San Vitale, Ravenna (ca. 547).
Caban, Julio “Fade”: Art Category: Muralist. Art Movement: Street Art.
Poem: The Legend Lives On.
Artists: Julio 'Fade' Caban, Oliver 'Kazo' Rios and Jose 'Solo' Cordero.
Cabena, Carolyn: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Expressionism.
Title: Time and Tide.
Materials and Techniques: Plant dyed recycled fabrics, hand stitched.
Calder, Alexander: Art Category: Sculptor, Painter, Constructivist. Art Movement: Abstract Sculptor – he created first mobiles that preceded Kinetic Art.
Calico: A small-scale allover floral design in bright colors originally from India. Later associated with American country-style.
Calligraphic: Pertaining to the art of beautiful writing as in scripts in Persia, China and Japan; an artistic style characterized by graceful, flowing curves.
Calligraphy: The art of fine writing, the term derived from the Greek words meaning 'beautiful hand writing.'
Shrimp by Qi Baishi.
Note: The simple strokes and different shades of ink producing shrimps in an imagined water stream. Also, the red stamp at the bottom of the calligraphy is the stamp of the artist.
Calvary: Representation of the Crucifixion.
Camaieu: A technique of painting in monochrome, using two or three tints of the same pigment without regard to local or realistic color.
Art Painting: Nude of Joelle in Camaieu by Ion Vincent DAnu.
Cameo: A jewel or semi-precious stone, often with layers of different color, which has an image cut in a raised relief.
Vintage Cameo Broach.
Campbell, Vonce: Art Category: Muralist. Art Movement: Street Art.
Portraiture of Shahid.
Cannon(s) (Graffiti Term): A slang term for spray paint cans. This term is thought to originate in Brooklyn, New York.
Canova, Antonio: (1757 Possagno/Treviso - 1822 Venice) He joined the workshop of sculptor Guiseppe Torretti when only 11 years of age, and later studied at the Venetian Academy of Art under Michelangelo and Gregorio Morlaiter. In 1779 he traveled to Rome, where he spent most of his working life. Canova's sensual figures, cool and elegant in satin-smooth marble, were based on those of Antiquity and were highlights of Italian Classicism.
Canvas: A heavy stiff fabric made from cotton or linen. Hair canvas is usually goat hair combined with wool, cotton or rayon, the latter three are used in the filling direction. It is a woven interfacing material that comes in various weights. The cloth is woven in such a way that the tension is evenly distributed throughout its length and breadth, thereby facilitating stretching over the stretcher. It is not suitable for dyeing.
Blank canvas as a piece of artwork.
Canvas Board: A prepared board with simulated canvas texture, suitable for oil or acrylic painting.
Camel canvas board (20cm x 20cm).
Cap (Graffiti Term): (i) The nozzle for the aerosol paint can, also referred to as "Tips". Different kinds are used for styles. New York Thins, Rustos, and New York Fats are the most commonly used caps; (ii) To cross out or in any other way ruin a piece made by others. Derives from a writer named "Cap" who was infamous for making throw-ups over others' pieces.
Capital: The head or topmost part of a column or pier; because of its characteristic shape and decoration, it may be called Doric, Ionic, Etruscan, or Corinthian.
Interior column capital.
Capriccio: Italian, 'caprice.' Name for all kinds of fantastic representations, usually collated randomly under a particular theme. In addition to paintings by Guiseppe Acrimboldo (1527-1593), the capriccios of Francisco da Goya (1748-1820) are the most important. Also, an imaginative or fanciful subject, such as an architectural view based on composite or totally invented buildings and/or ruins.
Capriccio: The Ponte della Pescaria and Buildings on the Quay - Canaletto.
Caravaggio: (ca. 1571 Milan - 1610 Porto Ercole). Real name, Michelangelo Merisi, he studied under Simone Peterzano in Milan from 1584 to 1588, then worked in Caravaggio near Bergamo. From ca. 1592 he was in Rome, where he soon found sponsors at the papal court. Because of his unconventional lifestyle, he spent the last few years of his life running from Rome authorities. In addition to the highly realistic figural representation, his works are characterized by a strong element of chiaroscuro and demarcation, and this influenced countless later artists all over Europe.
Caron, Antoine: (1521 Beauvais - 1599 Paris). He was an important exponent of the School of Fontainebleau. He probably developed his typically mannered style under Abbate and Primaticcio. Catherine de' Medici, who appointed him court painter in 1581, was one of his main patrons. Typical of Caron's decorative style are his groups of figures in expansive scenes, extended and delicately moving bodies, and strong light effects.
Carpeaux, Jean-Baptise: Art Category: Sculptor. Art Movement: Neo-Classical.
Young Fisherman with a Shell.
Carrà, Carlo: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Futurism.
Carlo Carrà, Funeral of the Anarchist Galli (Funerali dell'anarchico Galli), 1910–11 (detail view).
Carriere, Eugéne: Art Category: Printmaker. Art Movement: Art Nouveau.
L’aurore (1897).
Carroll, Alison (Milyika): Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Traditional Aboriginal Art - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Batik on silk.
Cartellino: (Italian for 'note, sign'). Strip of paper often included in religious historical picture or portraits as a trompe l'oeil with an inscription bearing the artist's signature and the year of painting or a motto.
Cartoon: (i) A full-scale preparatory drawing for a painting, mural or tapestry; (ii) a humorous sketch or caricature or series (as in a comic script) usually made for a newspaper or magazine.
An angry Donald Duck.
Cartouche: An oblong decorative figure resembling a frame, tablet, shield, or scroll bearing an inscription or emphasizing a design element. Used as a standalone or as part of a pattern's motif. On ancient Egyptian monuments, an enclosure for royal and divine names.
Tutankhamen's Cartouche.
Caryatid: Female statute used as a column, as in an ancient Greek temple.
The Caryatid Porch of the Erqchtheion, Athens (421–407 BC).
Cassat, Mary: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: American Impressionism.
Young Woman in Green, Outdoors in the Sun (1914).
Castle, Lyn: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Naïve Realiasm.
Titled: Time and Tide.
Technique and Materials: Plant dyed recycled fabrics, hand stitched.
Cat Patterns: Patterns featuring cats or generally on a cat theme.
Spiral tail seamless pattern of cats.
Caulfield, Patrick: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: British Pop Art.
Cafe Sign - Caulfield Patrick (1968).
Celtic Knot: A knot formed by interfaced ribbons that lead seamlessly into one another. Same as everlasting knot.
Celtic Knot.
Cezanne, Paul: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Post Impressionism.
Title: Still Life with Bottle and Apple Basket (1894).
Chagall, Marc: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Fauvism, Cubism.
Title: The Drunkard (Le_saoul) (1912).
Champaigne, Philippe de: (1602 Brussels -1674 Paris). He completed his training under Jacques Fouquiéres, a member of Rubens' studio; then worked in Paris from 1621, where he was influenced by Nicholas Poussin. From 1628 he served Marie dé Médicis, the Queen Mother, and afterwards Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu. He created numerous portraits and religious works that combined elements of the French and Flemish styles.
Champleve: An enamelling technique in which the glass is contained within engraved depressions in metal (usually copper alloy) plate.
Chancery Cursive: Style of calligraphy with a contemporary look. Less formal lettering.
Chancery Cursive Font.
Chang, Young-Hae: Art Category: Photography. Art Movement: Web Art.
Chardin, Jean-Baptiste Siméon: (1699 Paris - 1779 Paris). He studied under various different historical artists from 1720. Joined the Guild of St. Luke in 1724 and the Académie Royale in 1728, where he held a number of important offices until 1774. Chardin preferred still life and genre works, which were not generally appreciated at the time, but which he helped to make popular. His style is identified by its finely graded coloring and pared-down compositions.
Jean-Baptise Siméon Chardin. Self-portrait at his Easel, pastel (ca. 1778/79, Musée du Louvre).
Chassériau, Théodore: (1819 El Limon, S. Barbara de Samana. Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: Academic Classicism, Romanticism. He studied in Ingres' studio in Paris from 1830 to 1834. Exhibitewd at the Salon of 1838 for the first time. Study trips to the South of France, Italy (1840-1841), Algeria (1846), and the Netherlandss (1856). Produced manly historical paintings and portraits, but als omurals in Paris. Stylistically, his work was between that of Ingres and Delacroix.
Young Celeb Seated.
Cheang, Shu Lea: Art Category: Collagist. Art Movement: Post Modernism.
Burn (2003).
Chemical Fixatives: Chemical fixatives are often used in silk paintings in order to fix the color into the silk. Those brands of silk paints that can be set by a chemical often have their own particular type of fixative to set the color. Most of these fixatives are a mixture of acetic acid, or vinegar and water, but because the acid or alkaline balance varies in different brands of paints, it is wise to use the fixative that is recommended by the paint manufacturer.
Chéret, Jules: Art Category: Art Posters. Art Movement: Belle Époque poster art.
Les Girard (1879).
Chiaroscuro: In painting, the modeling of form with light and dark; any artistic treatment that stresses the contrast between light areas and shadows. Alternatively, a technique for pictorial representation, wherein objects are brought out strongly by the use of black or any dark color and white, generally in bold contrast; the entire picture is usually dark, relieved by white accents. Also an element of this effect in any picture.
Tenebroso: Chiaroscuro.
Chicago, Judy: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Futurism.
The Dinner Party (1975–1979).
Chin, Shin-Hee: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Expressionism.
Title: Three Generations.
Materials and Techniques: Cotton, polyester thread, random stitch.
Chino, Dave: Art Category: Spray Cannist. Art Movement: Graffiti.
Chino by Chino.
Chinoiserie: The name of a popular design movement in the nineteenth century, which was a Western interpretation based on Ancient Chinese symbolism and on aspects of nature.
Dreamworlds by Jardin Japonaise.
Chōnin (Townsmen - Japanese): The term included the artisan and merchant class who lived in urban centres of the Edo period.
Samurai, Chōnin and the Bakufu: Between Cultures of Frivolity and Frugality.
Choubrac, Alfred: Art Category: Art Posters. Art Movement: Belle Époque poster art.
Title: Le tour du monde en 80 jours (1890).
Technique: Color lithograph.
Size: 121.8 x 87.7 cm.
Choubrac, Léon: Art Category: Art Posters. Art Movement: Belle Époque poster art.
Alcazar d'Hiver (1882).
Note: He is the older brother of Alfred Choubrac.
Christos (aka Christo Javacheff): Art Category: Constructivist. Art Movement: Landscape Art.
Christos' Cloth Wrapping of the Sydney Opera House.
Chromies (Graffiti Term): Throw-ups that are done in chrome paint so that as lights hit them they shine.
Chryselephantine: Made or decorated with gold and ivory, as ancient Greek statutes were.
Delphi - Chryselephantine Sculpture.
Chūban (Japanese): A medium print size: 10 x 7.5 inches (26 x 19 cm).
Chūban: kabuki triptych with two actors.
Chung, Jiyoung: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Whisper-Romance III-VI.
Cima da Conegliano: (1459/60 - 1517/18 Conegliano). Real name, Giovanni Bartista Cima. Worked mainly in Venice after 1492. Found his own style at an early stage, one which thematically and artistically resembled Bellini's. The well-balanced composition, emotional moods, brilliant colors, and close observation of nature are characteristic of his representations which were mainly Madonnas.
Cire Perdue (lost-wax process): Technique in bronze casting in which the wax layer between model and mould is melted away and replaced by bronze.
Claesz, Pieter: (1597/98 Burgsteinfurt, Westphalia - 1660 Haarlem). There is evidence that he was in Haarlem from 1617. After his early still life paintings, which consisted of numerous objects in rows, seen from a high point of observation, the artist continued to develop in parallel with Willem Claesz. The name of his 'monochrome banketje,' a type of breakfast still life was derived from the brown-gray palette; the content, in contrast to the abundant Flemish type, was pared down to a minimum.
Clarke, Deb: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Naïve Realism.
Daisy Daze.
Classical Period: The art of ancient Greece and Rome; any work exhibiting the traits of ancient Greek art; an art of formal order stressing simplicity, dignity, clearly defined intervals, mathematical proportion. A “classic” is, by extension, a work generally accepted as a Masterpiece.
Archaic black. Ancient Greek pottery.
Clifford, Morgan: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Abstract Color-Field.
Untitled.
Materials: Handwoven linen, silk, hemp, paper, aloo.
Close, Chuck: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Superrealism.
A Man and His Grid.
Closed Form: The sense of unbroken space characteristic of classical composition in painting, sculpture, and architecture.
Sargent strikes the perfect balance between open- and closed-form painting.
Cloud (Graffiti Term): The background to a piece, usually a circular formation of color but can include stars or other decorative shapes.
Clouet, Jean: (ca. 1480 Brussels or Tours - ca. 1540/41 Paris). He work in Tours first, where he was in the service of Francis I (1494 - 1547) from 1518. His art, which had a strong Dutch tone to it, combined elements of the Gothic and the Early Renaissance. He was stimulated as much by the School of Fontainebleau as by the Italian Mannerists.
Cole, Thomas: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Romantic Landscape.
The Oxbow - The Connecticut River near Northampton (1836).
Collage: From the French coller - 'to paste'; any artistic composition made by gluing assorted materials (cloth, newsprint, wood veneers) to a flat surface, usually a canvas or a panel.
Photo collage.
Commercial Art: A term used to describe artwork intended for use in advertising or promotion - as distinct from fine-art.
A Coca-Cola advertisement from the 1920s featuring the newly patented Christmas bottle.
Composite Artwork: Artwork combining a number of different elements.
Composite artwork by Michael Nyiri featuring Betty Boop - Beach Boop Summer 2004.
Composite Overlay: Two or more patterns stacked on top of each other. A typical example is a patterned background.
Composite Repeat: A combination of two or more symmetry types in one pattern. For example, rotational medallions put in a drop repeat.
An example of a composite repeat.
Conceptualism: An art movement (after 1960) emphasizing the transient character of the creative, rather than its outcome; art objects become the report, written or spoken, of an event; de-emphasis of visual imagery. It is related to process art.
Barbara Kruger - Conceptual art.
Cone Drawing (Tsutsugki): Freehand style application of resist paste, using mulberry paper brass-tip cone.
The Tsutsugaki is a method of resist-dying using rice paste.
Connoisseur: Literally, one 'who knows' and is therefore competent to offer critical judgement of art; an expert in a particular branch of art who can recognize certain techniques, establish dates, verify authenticity, estimate prices; a person of discriminating taste in art, cooking etc.
Australian art critic Robert Hughes was world-renown. He lived and then died in New York in 2012 aged 74.
Constable, John: (1778 East Berholt, Suffolk - 1837 London) Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Romantic Landscape.
Title: Wivenhoe Park (1816).
He was self-taught. He worked as a topographer in London before attending courses at the Royal Academy from 1799, becoming a member in 1829. After a trip to Italy in 1819 he concentrated on landscapes, finding inspiration in the works of the Old Dutch masters as well as that of Thomas Girtin and Lorrain. With his uneven, tonal style of painting, he attempted to capture the atmosphere of light in nature. Constable's realistic style of landscape painting provided important inspiration in France for the Barbizon School and later for the Impressionists.
Constructivism: Twentieth-century non-representational sculptural style, associated with Russians Naum Gabo, Kasimir Malevich, and Antoine Pevsner; theoretical foundations in modern physics, engineering and technology; an endeavour to treat volume with a minimum of mass.
Painting by Constructivist Kasimir Malevich (1878 - 1935).
Contemporary: A design with simple, extremely stylized motifs.
Contour: A pattern of outlines highlighting or suggesting shapes or figures of the motif.
Topographic prominence of three peaks near Great Pond Mountain, Maine, USA. Red triangles mark the peaks.
Contrapposto: (Italian, from Latin contrapositus, 'opposing' from ponere, 'to place,to set.') Stationary motif in Classical Greek sculpture that received its name from the sculptor Polyclitus (ca. 480-415 B.C.) and subsequently became a binding principle in European art, in which the various directions of force and movement in the human body are brought to harmonious balance. The distribution of the loading and supporting, resting, and driving forces of a figure are balanced between the supporting and free legs. The contrapposto was reassumed in the Renaissance.
For example, a figural pose in which one part of the body turns or twists away from another, usually in an unsymmetrical pose characteristic of classical Greek and Roman figure sculpture, in which the weight is carried by one leg while the other is relaxed. This system of figural articulation was revived and much exploited during the Italian Renaissance.
Contrapposto pose. How the body adjusts to balance.
Converging Verticals: Familiar visual phenomenon in which parallel vertical lines appear to converge as when a tall building is viewed from below (see photograph below).
Conversational: A design with recognizable objects in the motif. Also called object prints.
Typical conversational print.
Coordinates: Two or more designs related to each other in color, subject matter, and/or technique that are intended to be used together.
Coral: An organic allover pattern suggestive of coral growth.
Seamless Coral Reef Pattern.
Corbel: Sculpture of a basket or fruit or flowers, used as an architectural ornament.
Vintage Gilded Wood - Corbel.
Corinth, Lovis: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: German Expressionism.
Self-Portrait with Glass.
Corot, Jean-Baptise-Camille: (1796 Paris - 1875 Paris). Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: French Landscape.
Marshy Pastures.
Camile Corot, Self-Portrait ofv the Artist at his Easel (?1825), Musée du Louvre.
He studied in the early 1820s under the Classicist landscape painter, Victor Bertin, among others. Trained in the style of Poussin, he also worked outdoors. His work was influenced strongly by a long stay in Rome. Corot's landscapes are noted for their strong composition, the detail, and a new underatanding of chasnging light. His later works, produced after the late 1840s and misty in atmosphere, are similar to the Barbizon School
Correggio: (1489 Correggio, Modena - 1534 Correggio). His real name is Antonio Allegri; worked in Rome and Parma as well as his hometown. He adopted style elements of earlier artists of the High Renaissance, especially Mantegna's spatial illusionism and Lenardo's sfumato, and was also inspired by Raphael and Michelangelo, combining everything in a highly original manner. In his dynamic style of composition, the soft modeling of the shapes, and the lively yet appealing expressions of tghe figures, Correggio paved the way for Baroque and later art styles.
Cotman, John Sell: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Romantic Landscape.
Greta Bridge - watercolor (1805).
Counterchange: A design where a certain color of the motif and its ground are reversed in another part of the design to balance the elements. See also two-color symmetries.
Enzo.
Counter-Reformation: Roman Catholic evangelical movement in reaction to the Protestant Reformation, during which religious arts flourished in Catholic countries.
Bernini - Ecstasy.
Note: This an example of the renewed vigour of Catholicism which could be seen in the explosion of religious art of the Baroque during and after the Counter Reformation.
Courbet, Gustave: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: French Realism.
Self-Portrait - The Desperate Man (ca. 1843–45).
Couture, Thomas: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Academic Classicism.
Tzigane.
Coverage: The amount of design area in relation to the negative space.
Cox, Christine: Art Category: Collagist. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Title: Hidden Treasures.
Materials and Techniques: Wire and metal, paper pulp, recycled fabric strips and cord.
Cozens, Alexander: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Romantic Landscape.
River and Mountain, with Ruins.
Cozens, John Robert: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Romantic Landscape.
The Lake of Albano and Castle Gandolfo.
Craft Knife: A knife with a thin, light blade, which is kept very sharp. Cutting edge usually does not run along its length, but slopes across the end of the blade. Handle is usually heavy. Blades may be detachable.
Craquelure: Network of small cracks in paint or vanish of an old painting.
Crawford, Marian: Art Category: Printmaker. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Clustering.
Creation Baumann: A Swiss-based company also renowned for innovative furnishing and interior design.
Crenshaw, Constance: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Expressionism.
Title: The Garden and the Hare.
Materials and Techniques: Cotton paper, pigment, acrylic paint, screen printing, collage, painting.
Crespo, Jose 'F-Boom': Art Category: Murals. Art Movement: Street Art.
In the early hours of 9th September 1991, a knife wound punctured 14 year-old Robert Torres lung. Robbed of his wallet, the body of 'John Doe' lay in the morgue for a week until his frantic parents found him. This mural features a rare representation of God.
Crew (Graffiti Term): A crew, krew, or cru is a group of associated writers or graffiti artists that often work together. Crews are differentiated from gangs in that their main objective is to paint graffiti, although gang-like activity can occur. Any group of friends can quickly and informally form a crew if they are interested in graffiti and want to start collaborating. Often crews will recruit new members over time in order to maintain their relevance. There is a smaller risk of being held responsible for crew works if a single member gets arrested. From a legal point of view, the name could have been painted by anyone in the group.
Crew (Dan Buller, Tyler Gibney, Gene Pendon): Art Category: Muralist. Art Movement: Graffiti
HVW8 Art Installation.
Criticism: The act of describing, analyzing, interpreting, and judging works of art; informed talk about art; incorrectly used to mean censure, or fault-finding.
Crome, John: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Romantic Landscape.
Yarmouth Jetty.
Croquis: A fully painted design that is not in repeat; same as sketch.
Female Fashion - Croquis.
Cross-Hatching: Two sets of parallel lines, one on top of the other, with the second set at an angle to the first.
Cross hatching-shading with intersecting sets of parallel line.
Crossing Out (Graffiti Term): To scribble or write on someone else's name. It is considered highly disrespectful.
Cubism: A style of art originated by Picasso and Braque in Paris around 1917; emphasis on the geometrical foundations of form, the two-dimensionality of the picture surface, multiple views of the same objects, superimposition and interpenetration of forms. Intellectual phase is Analytical Cubism (1909-1912); decorative, playful phase is Synthetic Cubism (1912-1914).
Picasso's 'Girl with a Mandolin' (1910).
Cullen,Gregor: Art Category: Printmaker (Redback Graphix). Art Movement: Modernism.
Fresh Blood (1979).
Curfman, Anna-Katherine: Art Category: Wearable Artist. Art Movement: Wearable Art.
Materials and Techniques: Merino roving, silk organza; nuno techniques, wet felted.
Size: 203.2 x 45.7 cm.
Curley, Manyinta (Katie): Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Traditional Aboriginal Art - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Rake wars (long cloth). Batik on Silk (Fregon, Australia).
Dadism (Dada): Post World War I style stressing accidental images and events, the logic of the absurdity, irrationality in art, literature and morality. Related to Surrealism.
Du Champ’s Urinal.
Dagg, Margaret: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Traditional Aboriginal Art - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Batik on silk.
Dali, Salvador: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Surrealism.
Melting Watch.
Da Messina, Antonella: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Renaissance.
Title: Portrait of A Man, 'II condottiere' (1475).
Daubigny, Charles-Francois: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: French Landscape.
On the Loire.
Daumier, Honore: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: French Realism.
David, Gerad (ca. 1450 Oudewater, Gouda - 1523 Bruges). He probably trained in his home country of Holland before settling in Bruges (Flanders) in 1484 as a free master. A follower of Momling, he became one of the city's most successful painters, eventually expanding to Antwerp, where he was accepted in the guild of Artists in 1515. With its highly detailed Realism, his work typified that from the northern Netherlands, although David's later work reflected the confrontation with the Italian High Renaissance.
David, Jacques-Louis: (1748 Paris - 1825 Brussels). He is the most famous exponent of French Classicism. On the advice of his friend Bucher, he went to study under Joseph Vien in 1766. His studies of Roman Antiquity during his first visit to Rome (1775-1780) provided his main impulses. David was also interested in politics and became an active Jacobin in the Artists of the French Revolution. He later joined Napoleon, who appointed him official painter in 1804. He went into exile in Belgium in 1818 after the emperor was overthrown.
Davies, Stuart: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Abstract Expressionism.
Chess Players.
Da Vinci, Leonardo: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Late Renaissance.
Mona Lisa - Lourve Museum. Sometimes the artwork overwhelms the display.
Francesco (?)Melzi, Portrait of Leonardo da Vinco, after 1510, Royal Library, Widsor.
de Andrea, John: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Superrealism.
de Chavannes, Puvis: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Symbolism.
Young Girls on the Edge of the Sea.
de Chirico, Giorgio: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Dada, Surrealism.
The Song of Love (1914).
Deconstruction: Method of critical analysis which asserts that art can have no fixed meanings because it can be viewed only subjectively.
Marie-Therese Wisniowski's 'Mark Making on Urban Walls.' Post graffiti deconstructed art.
Decorative Design: Artwork created for use in home furnishing and interior decoration.
Degas, Hilaire Germain Edgar: Art Category: Sculptor, Painter. Art Movement: Impressionism.
Two Dancers in the Studio.
Dek (tag): Art Category: Murals. Art Movement: Street Art. See Crespo.
Artists: Jose 'F-Boom' Crespo and 'Dek.'
de Kooning, Willem: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Abstract Expressionism.
Police Gazette.
Delacroix, Ferdinand Victor Eugéne: (1798 St-Maurice-Charenton near Paris - 1833 Paris. Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: French Romantic.
The Death of Sardanapalus (1827).
Eugéne Delacroix. Self-portrait, ca. 1840 or 1860, Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence.
He based his style of his work on Rubens and Veronese while studying in Paris. Also inspired by Constable. In London in 1825. Traveled to North Africa and southern Spain in 1832. Delacroix was the eading French artist of the French Romantics. His concepts developed from flowing colors, moving away from the "official" Classicism and smoothing the way for Impressionism.
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de la Pena, Nacisse Virgile Diaz: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: French Landscape.
Forest of Fontainebleau (1868).
Delaunay, Robert: Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: Neo-Impressionism, Orphic Cubism, Representational and Abstract Art.
Rhythm Color.
Delineate: To accentuate outlines in line artwork by making them heavier.
de Loutherbourg, Philippe Jacques: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Romantic Landscape.
Defeat of the Spanish Armada, 8 August 1588.
Delvaux, Paul: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Surrealism.
The Sleeping Venus (1944).
de Maria, Walter: Art Category: Constructivist. Art Movement: Earthen Artworks.
The Lightning Field.
Demi-Goutte: Art Category: Surface Designer. Art Movement: Floral.
Jungle (2012).
Demuth, Charles: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Cubism Revisited.
Red Chimneys.
de Paléolodgue, Pal Jean: Art Category: Printmaker. Art Movement: Art Nouveau.
Rayon d’or (1895).
Depth: The thickness of a three-dimensional object measured downwards from its surface.
Derain, Andre: Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: Expressionism, Fauves.
Charing Cross Bridge (1906).
Designs (Graffiti Term): Polka dots, checkers stars swirls are placed over the fill-in to in hence and complement the fill-in. Designs are limited only by an artists imagination and technical ability.
de Stael, Nicolas: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Landscape Study (1952).
De Stijl: Dutch for 'The Style'; art and design movement originating in the Netherlands in 1917, advocating principles (e.g. asymmetry, use of primary colors, emphasis on rectilinear forms) which have had immense influence on the development of graphic design and on ArtCloth practitioners.
Mondrian - Tableau (1921).
Dhuffer, Poona: Art Category: Surface Design. Art Movement: Abstract.
Maharani Blur (2011).
Dhulang: Painted patterns or designs in the North East Arnhem land (Australia).
Bark Painting - Wagilag Sisters.
Diaglyph: Carving or ornament in intaglio.
Diamond: A pattern whose elements are arranged along diagonal (diamond) lines.
Diaz, Jose 'Jad': Art Category: Muralist. Art Movement: Street Art.
The artist Jad stands on the terrace of Carol’s apartment building in front of is mural.
Diebenkorn, Richard: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Landscape Abstraction.
Berkeley #57 (1955).
Digital Pattern: A pattern that consists of computer-generated elements, such as pixelated or fractal shapes. More broadly, can refer to digital pattern art. An example of a digital pattern would be a digital camouflage pattern.
Digital Pattern Art: A pattern created using a computer as an essential tool in the design process. Examples include digital patterns that exhibit typical computer-generated elements or shapes, such as pixelated or fractal shapes; patterns that would be difficult or impossible to create without a computer, such as algorithmic or procedural patterns; and patterns produced using digital image manipulation techniques.
Fractal Digital Art - Pattern Pyramid by Lyle Hatch.
Digitizing Pad: An on-line input device to a digital computer, on which a free-handing drawing is translated immediately into digitized form, visible on a tablet.
Dine, Jim: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Pop Art.
Title: 'Car Crash.'
Diptych: (Latin: diptychum; Greek, diptychos meaning 'folded double.') An ancient folding writing tablet; in medieval art a teo-winged opening altarpiece (sculpture or painted) with no fixed centerpiece. More generally, two associated artworks.
Directional: A design in which motifs are oriented along one or several directions. Examples of directional design include one-way, two-way, and four-way layouts. Also a design that looks correct from only one direction. The opposite is a non-directional (unidirectional) design.
Direct Modulation: The addition of one complement to another, usually done in steps, in order to visualize the change more clearly.
Direct Painting: A technique that stresses spontaneity or the appearance of spontaneity in execution; a minimum of reworking; voids transparent effects and 'build up' of a surface with several layers of paint.
Artist Nancy Rourke - direct painting.
Direct Style: A style of patterning in which one or several colors are applied to the surface of a fabric and are usually fixed by thermofixation or steaming. The fabric base is usually white, but may have been previously dyed. This method was rarely used until the advent of synthetic dyestuff.
Di Sotto In Su: (Italian: 'with beneath made above'). Perpendicular to the picture plane.
Ditzy: A ditzy (ditsie) is an allover design of small buds, circles, zigzags, and other elements that are simple, eccentrically silly, and may be funny.
Ditzy floral vector.
Dix, Otto: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Expressionism.
Self Portrait (1913).
Documentary Design: A design based on documents or original (usually historical) material and reproduced closely to the original, often using a different technology. Compare to adaptation.
Dog's Tooth: A pattern of small broken or jagged checks created by four-pointed stars. Same as hound's tooth.
Doesburg, Theo van: Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: de Stijl, Elementarism.
Domela-Nieuwenhuis, Cesar: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: de Stijl.
Composite.
Domenichino: (1581 Bologna -1841 Naples). His real name was Domenico Zampieri. Worked mainly in Rome before moving to Naples in 1530. One of the leading followers of the Carracci, partiularly Annibale Carracci, with whom he worked in Rome from 1502. Together with Correggio, Raphael, and Caravaggio, he developed an independent style of which Clasasical purity and monumental expressiveness are typical.
Domming (Graffiti Term): A color-mixing technique done by spraying one color over another while it is still wet, then rubbing the two together. Sometimes an abrasive like sand is used to create different effects. The term is derived from "condom," as a reference to its synonym rubber and is sometimes called fingering, as it is commonly done with one's fingers.
Dono, Heri: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Post Modernism.
Trojan Cow (2003).
Donatello: (ca. 1388 Florence - 1489 Florence). His real name is Donato di Niccolo di Betto Bardi. Probably studied under Lorenzo Ghiberti and Nanni di Banco in Florence. Worked mainly in his hometown, but also in Sienna, Rome, Padua and other towns in Italy. Donatello is considered to be the greatest sculptor of the Quattrocento. No other artist of the age exceeded his extensive oeuvre in variety or innovation. in the early stage of his career he created many marble statues; from 1420s mainly bronze sculptures.
Italian School, Portriat of Donatello (Detail).
16th century, MUsée du Louvre.
Dossal: A panel painting hung behind an altar.
Drake-Brockman, Charlotte: Art Category: Collagist. Art Movement: Naïve Realism.
Title: Good and Bad Taste.
Recycled 1930’s elbow length glove cardboard box, crazy quilt from waste materials courtesy Pauline and Grant, tissue paper, PVA, ribbons, bling, glitter, sequins, artificial flowers.
Drop Shadow: A shadow behind an image designed to bring the image forward.
Dress-up (Graffiti Term): To completely write all over a specific area like a door-way, wall or window that is untouched.
Dry-Brushing: Paint technique that keeps the bristle surface of a brush relatively dry in order to build up a cloudy effect, or to touch up the highlights of a textured surface.
Dubuffet, Jean: Art Category: Painter & Sculptor. Art Movements: Expressionism, Informal Abstraction.
Mire G177 Bolero (1983).
Dubs (Graffiti Term): London/UK style of graffiti executed in silver or chrome paint. Usually on railway walls or street locations, it is done quickly by a crew or group of writers.
Ducasse, Sabine: Art Category: Wearable Art. Art Movements: informal Abstraction.
Her wearable art represents a fusion between her 'east meets west experience,' since she has lived in Shanghai but is originally from Paris.
Duchamp, Marcel: Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: Dada, Ready Mades.
DuChamp's Mona Lisa (L.H.O.O.Q.)
Duchamp-Villon, Raymond: Art Category: Sculptor. Art Movement: Cubism.
Maggy (ca. 1912).
Dufy, Raoul: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Fauves.
Intérieur à la fenêtre ouverte.
Dunnewold, Jane: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movements: de Stijl, Informal Abstraction.
Title: Sacred Planet I: The Myth of Human Superiority (detailed view).
Duplex Board: One consisting of two layers of different color and/or quality, pasted together.
Durand, Asher B.: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Romantic Landscape.
The Indian's Vespers (1847).
Dürer, Albrecht: (1471 Nuremberg - 1528 Nuremberg). He learned the goldsmith's art under his father. Moved to Michael Wolgemut in 1488, who introduced him to the art of Schonguer and the Dutch. Was greatly inspired by his trips to Italy in 1494 and 1505/06 by Mantegna and the Bellinis. Dürer became the leading intermediary between the art of southern and northern Europe, creating the foundations for the German High Renaissance at the same time. Not only was his art of importance, so too were his prints and essays on the theory of art.
Durrmu: Vibrant patterns found in nature and made in painting (in the Murrinh-Paths language spoken in the Wadeye Region of Australia by Australian Aboriginals).
Dianne Hodgson, Durrmu Arts.
Dyck, Sir Anthony van: (1599 Antwerp - 1641 London). Dyke and Rubens were the two leading Flemish artists. He worked in Rubens' workshop from 1617 for several years. First visited London in 1620, and travelled through Italy from 1621 to 1627, where he was inspired by the works of Titan and others. On his return he became court painter of Archduchess Isabella, the governess of the Netherlands. Joined the court of Charles I of England in 1632. Van Dyck developed the type of representation of the nobility that influenced English portrait painting in particular.
Sir Anthony van Dyck, Self-Portrait, ca. 1622/23.
The Hermitage, St. Petersburg.
Eakins, Thomas: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Realism.
The Artist's Wife and his Setter Dog.
Earth Sculpture: The excavation of earth, the relocation of boulders, the digging of water channels, etc. to create pleasing or expressive aesthetic effects.
Among the elements that coexist with the natural tidal arena, the surrounding sun panels constitute a triangle that visually connects water and Earth.
Earthworks Poster Collective: A printmaker collective house in Tin Shed, The University of Sydney from 1972 - 1979.
You are on Aboriginal Land.
Easel: A special stand to support a canvass in an upright position.
Easel Painting: Creative painting executed in one of the standard techniques, such as oils, water colors, tempera, gouché or pastel; most frequently intended to be framed and hung on a wall (i.e. forms of object art).
Eastman, Kathryn: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Title: Offset.
Techniques and Materials: Natural pigments, fiber reactive dye, silk, Katazome, hand stitching.
Eccentrics: An eccentric is a pattern of thin lines generating an illusion of a distortion or op-art effects. Another spelling is excentrics. The class is believed to be originated from the Lane's Net pattern.
April Miller's works of art entrance the viewer through eccentric patterns and shocking pops of color.
Eclecticism: Creating a form or style on the basis of many borrowings; the combination of recognizable elements from several styles to fashion something new.
Art and Eclecticism Final by Dark Vampess.
Ecorche: Sculpture of a human or animal without skin, usually for use in teaching anatomy to sculpture students.
Ecsher, Maurits: Art Category: Printmaker, Painter. Art Movement: Surrealism in form only. Preceded Op Art.
Eye.
Edelson, Mary Beth: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Pop Art.
Title: Woman Rising (1974).
Egg and Dart: A classic design consisting of an oval element alternating with an arrow-like element.
Egg and Dart motif from a cornice at Palmyra.
E-goyomi (Japanese): A pictorial calendar with concealed numbers denoting the long and short months.
Egoyomi: Japanese Picture Calendars.
Ehon (Picture Books - Japanese): E-hon or Ehon (絵本) is the Japanese term for picture books. It may be applied in the general sense, or may refer specifically to a type of illustrated volume published from at least the mid-eda period onwards, often as chapter-books in series.
El Anatsui: Art Category: Sculpture. Art Movement: Post Modernism - Found Objects.
Awakened.
Eliasson, Olafur: Art Category: Constructivist. Art Movement: Post Modernism.
Blind Pavilion (2003).
50th Venice Biennale.
El Greco: (1541 Phodele, Crete - 1814 Toledo). 'The Greek' real name was Domenicos Theotokopoulos. Main exponent of Spanish Mannerism. A trained painter of icons, he joined Titan in Venice in 1567. In Rome from 1570, before settling in Toledo around 1577. The mystical radiance of his works, which reflect the spirit of Spain's medieval-inspired belief, was achieved by elongating the figures, adopting a strong chiaroscuro, and unrealistic coloring.
Embu (French): In an oil painting, a dull spot in an otherwise glossy surface caused by a sinking-in of the oil color.
Enamel: An object so decorated. Derived from the German word meaning "to melt" (about 1550).
Encaustic: A painting medium using hot wax to bind colors to a wood panel or wall.
Endicott, Erin: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Abstract Expressionism.
Title: Healing Sutra #19.
Materials and Technique: Hand embroidered antique cotton. Fabric stained with Walnut ink.
End-to-End (Graffiti Term): The opposite of top-to-bottom – meaning a train-car covered with paint from one side of it to the other. Used as an adjective and non-commonly as a noun.
Engineered: A motif or group of motifs designed to fit a specific shape.
Ensor, James: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Post-Impressionism.
Environmental Art: Any ordered arrangement or reconstruction of the natural and built environment. It includes such categories as the floral art of the natural environment, and/or art depicting gardens of a built environment. Marie-Therese Wisniowski's MSDS technique is often used in her Environmental Art.
Artist: Marie-Therese Wisniowski.
Title: Flames Unfurling (detailed view).
Technique: MSDS Environmental ArtCloth.
Erdrich, Andrew William: Art Category: Tapestry. Art Movements: Representational.
Cool Dudes: Tapestry 1 (2012).
Ernst, Max: Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: Dada, Surrealism.
World War II and later life.
Estes, Richard: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Superrealism.
Telephone Booths (1968).
Etch (Graffiti Term): The use of acid solutions intended for creating frosted glass, such as Etch Bath, to write on windows. In Norway some trains have even been taken temporarily out of service because of the acid tagging, which is potentially dangerous for other people's health.
Etching-Tags in Chicago.
Ethnic Art: Art typical of a specific nationality or a design based on folk art.
Vintage Croatian Folk Art Enamel Metal Dish.
Everlasting Knot: A knot formed by interfaced ribbons that lead seamlessly into one another. Same as Celtic knot.
Buddhist endless knot. Symbolises endless compassion and wisdom.
Exploded View: Drawing of an object showing its component parts separately but arranged in such a way as to indicate their relationships within the object when assembled.
Expressionism: A style of modern painting, original central European, emphasizing intense color, agitated brushwork, and violent imagery to express painful emotions, anxiety, and hallucinatory states.
Starry Night by Vincent Van Gogh.
Expressivism: A term used here to describe the critical position that greatness in art results from the vivid, intense, and convincing expression of emotion.
Eyck, Jan van: (ca. 1390 Maaseyck, Maastricht? - 1441 Bruges). He began his career as a court painter to John of Bavaria, count of Holland. After the count died in 1425, van Eyck was in service to Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy. Made several trips to Spain and Portugal. Became town painter in Brussels in 1430. Van Eyck's painting, which had a lasting infuence on European art, exhibited a previously unachieved illusionistic forcefulness. Objects were represented down to the tiniest detail of material consistency and light effects, the colors given a new kind of luminescence and depths thanks to further developments in oil technology.
Fade (Graffiti Term): Graduation of colors.
Faience: Earthenware with an opaque glaze.
Fall-On: One transparent color falling on another producing a third color. Also called trapping.
Families (Graffiti Term): Rows of throw-ups of the same name.
Fat Cap (Graffiti Term): A nozzle used for wide coverage, used for the fill of pieces.
Fautrier, Jean: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Jean Facturier Surface colorée, Tableau à 4 côtés (Colored Surface, Picture with Four Sides), 1958.
Fauvism: From the French fauve (wild beast). An early twentieth century painting style emphasizing the juxtaposition of extremely bright areas of color, arbitrary drawing unrelated to the color, and distorted linear perspective. Main aim is breakdown and reform of particular picture structure; not as anguished as German Expressionism, which it resembles.
Henri Matisse painting, Portrait of Madame Matisse (The Green Stripe), from 1906.
Fay, Jennifer Libby: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movements: Informal Abstraction; Environmental Art.
Title: Sunday Blessing.
Medium and Technique: Cloth, dye.
Feininger, Lyonel: Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: Art Nouveau, Orphic Cubism.
Barfuesserkirche I, 1924 (Staatsgalerie Stuttgart)
Fell-McLean, Susan: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Title: Visibility.
Fête Champêtre, Fete Galante: 18th Century painting of figures in a pleasant rural setting.
Fête Champêtre
Fetish: A charmed or magical object; often a sculpture regarded as home or embodiment of spiritual subject, much as ka or soul of an Egyptian pharaoh is believe to reside in the many statutes of him; a psychological obsession with an object or part of the body which results in an erotic response.
Hathor fetish capital. Egyptian Third Intermediate Period, Dyn. 22. Reign of Osorkon II 874–712 BC.
Fiber Art: Artwork that utilizes fabrics as its medium (see definition of ArtCloth and Artwork).
Artist: Marie-Therese Wisniowski.
Title:Flames Unfurling.
Medium: ArtCloth.
Field: The area of a design that is not the border.
Figurative: Referring to a style, as of painting, that represents humans, animals or objects, rather than relying purely in abstract forms.
Sienna by Patrick Palmer.
Figurine: Small carved or moulded statue; sometimes called a statuette.
Classic ancient Egyptian statue Khnum Ram sculpture figurine.
Fill-In (Graffiti Term): The base colors of a piece, falling within the outline.
Fills (Graffiti Term): Also referred to as "bombs" "throw ups" or "throwies". Fills describe a piece of graffiti that is either filled in a rush or a solid fill. A fill is also the interior base color of the piece of graffiti.
Finished Art: Same as artwork.
Finished Rough: Term for presentation of a visual.
Firth, Dianne: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Title: Deluge.
Material and Technique: Machine stitching/quilting, reverse appliqué, viscose felt and cotton.
Fitch: Hog-hair brush suitable for oil work (one type is available for water color work). The five types are round, filbert, long, short and herkomer. Used in many techniques and sometimes as an alternative to household brush.
Flanderin, Hipolyte-Jean: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Academic Classicism.
La fiorentina.
Flegel, Georg: (1563 Olomonc - 1638 Frankfurt am Main). He was Germany's first artist to specialize in still lifes. By 1594 he was working with the Flemish artist Lucas van Valckenborch. His early works appear to consist of small pieces, and to be constructed additively, whereas his later ones - paintings of meals and still lifes of flowers - consisted of fewer objects, and were denser compositions in sensitive colors.
Fleur-de-Lis: A stylized three-petal or four-petal lily. Originally a symbol of purity. Since the Middle Ages has been used in heraldic ornaments.
Flint, India: Art Category: Wearable Artist. Art Movement: Wearable Art.
Technique: Plant-dyed garments employing her signature eco print techniques.
Floaters (Graffiti Term):: Throw-ups done on subway car panels at window level.
Floral: A design using flowers and other nature elements such as seed pods, leaves, and marine plants.
Florrimell, Michael: Art Category: Printmaker. Art Movement: Abstract Expressionism.
Title: History never repeats I tell myself as I go to sleep.
Florrimell, Norman: Art Category: Printmaker. Art Movement: Naïve Realism.
Title: Cobbers.
Folk Art: The art of the people. It is usually associated with naïve art of the untrained.
Hungarian rustic terracotta Korond tulip blue plate.
Foreground: The part of a design that appears to be closest to the viewer and in front of other objects. Contrast to background.
Foreshorten: In illustration to depict the apparent distortion of perspective in a receding form or plane. Alternatively, the representation through drawing of the three-dimensional forms on a flat surface to create the illusion of depth, as of an arm and hand extended toward the viewer.
Formalism: A term used to describe the critical position that greatness in art results from the ideal juxtaposition and treatment of the basic elements of visual form.
Aesthetic formalism.
Found Material: Any objects or materials such as feathers, leaves, fabric, printed material or ephemera which can be incorporated in the image making process.
Stitlzein creates art from found materials such as piano keys, broken china, and other recycled items.
Fouquet, Jean: (ca. 1415/1420 Tours? - 1478/1481 Tours). He was the first painter from the north to adopt the achievements of the Italian Early Renaissance, which he combined with elements of Flemish late Gothic in his works. His paintings were rooted in the Franco-Flemish book paintings. During a trip to Italy in ca. 1445/1447, he adapted his work to the styles of Florentine painters, such as Fra Angelico. Back in Tours, he worked for the French court under Charles VII and Louis XI, who appointed him court painter in 1475. As well as book illustrations, he produced panel, glass, and enamel paintings.
Four-Way Layout: A design in which motifs face all four directions, for example, up, down, left, and right.
Four-way layout.
Foy, Anne: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Title: Force of Nature.
Materials and Technique: Wet felting, needle felting, inkjet printing on cotton. Merino wool and silk fibers, cotton stitching, industrial felt backing.
Fra Angelico: (ca. 1395 Vicchio di Mugello, Florence - 1455 Rome). He was really Guido di Piero. At 20, already a trained artist, he entered the monastry of the Dominicans in Fiesole. He was renamed Fra Giovanni, later also Fra Angelico or Beato Angelico. In 1436 he moved with the monastery to S. Marco in Florence. In 1447/48 and again from 1452 he worked for the papal court in Rome; also worked in Orvieto. Increasingly, he adopted the new Renaissance shapes in his frescoes and pannelings, while the consistency of his sculptures was a key feature of his own style.
Fragonard, Jean-Honoré: (1732 Grasse, Provence - 1806 Paris). He was a student of Chardin and Boucher. In 1752 he won the Académie Prix de Rome and became one of Ecole des Eléves protégés. In addition, he won a scholardshiop to Rome and stayed there from 1756 to 1761. On his return he became a menber of the Paris Académie. With Watteau and Boucher, Fragonard was considered one of the leading portrayers of the customs and manners of the end of the French Absolutism. A Rococo artist, he remain committed to pre-Revolutionary aethetics throughout his life.
Francis, Sam: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Abstract Expressionism.
Frankenthaler, Helen: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Abstract Color-Field.
Fraser, Mary Edna: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Title: Charleston Red (SC).
Material and Technique: Batik on silk.
Fresco: (Italian for 'fresh.') A type of mural or wall painting in which dry colors are mixed with water and applied to wet plaster surface.
Deeds of Hercules and his Apotheosis 1704-08. Fresco Liechtenstein Museum, Vienna.
Fret Pattern: A plane geometric pattern or an interlocking motif in a band or border that consists of lines that meet at right angles. Also known as Greek key pattern. Often used as an ornamental border design.
Fretwork: Ornamental openwork, such as created with a fretsaw or scroll saw. Often used in furniture of metal decorations. Also a carved design in architecture.
Freud, Lucian: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Superrealism.
Lord Goodman in his Yellow Pyjamas (1987).
Frieze: (mid-Latin, frisium meaning fringe peak.) Sculpted or painted strip of continuous horizontal decoration that serves to enliven or give structure to a wall surface.
Frieze Pattern: A pattern that repeats in one direction. There are exactly seven (7) mathematical classes of frieze patterns. Compare with two-dimensional (wallpaper) patterns that have exactly seventeen (17) mathematical types.
Frontality: The full face or head on presentation of the human figure; planarity in the organization of forms, that is, emphasis on forms parallel to the frontal lane.
This is the first public relief (monument) to show the imperial family in full portrait frontally.
Frost, Ben: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Cartoon Style Street Art.
Title: High - Score Pop Ruin
Materials and Technique: Acrylic and aerosol on board.
Frottage: Technique for making images by rubbing a soft pencil over paper on a textured surface.
Frontage art using rubbings from credit cards.
Full Monty (Graffiti Term): A graffiti form that takes up the entire canvas, wall or area that can be vulgar yet has a very effective message.
Functionalism: The doctrine prominent in the early twentieth century that architecture, furniture and other useful objects should be designed to reveal their materials and process making, to work well and to endue, and to express their practical purpose; the view that aesthetic excellence results from successful utilitarian design and performance.
Functionalist architecture.
Füssli, Johann Heinrich: Known as Henry Fuseli (1741, Zurich - 1825, Putney Hill, London), he had to leave Zurich because of his liberal attitudes, and went to England. He worked as a writer before Reynolds persuaded him to return to painting, and studied in Italy. In 1799 he became a member, and in 1804 the Keeper of the Royal Academy. Füssli preferred literary materials for his Romantic/Classical style of art, which he dramatized using light and an energetic language of form.
Futurism: An Italian painting style (about 1910) derived from Cubism; devoted to the celebration of speed, the representation of motion, and the “dynamization” of civilised life.
Italian Futurism. Fortunate Depero, Skyscrapers and Tunnels (Gratticieli e tunnel), 1930 (detail).
Gabo, Naum: Art Category: Constructivist, Sculptor. Art Movements: Realistic Manifesto of Constructivism, Kinetic Sculpture.
Linear Construction No. 2' (1970–1).
Gallery (Graffiti Term): Locations such as overpasses and walls facing train tracks that are secluded from the general public but are popular with writers. Since anything that is written is likely to stay for a while, an accumulation of styles and skills can be viewed.
Ganosis: The toning or dulling of stone sculpture - for instance, by the application of colors mixed with wax.
Garcia, Antonio “Chico”: Art Category: Muralist. Art Movement: Street Art.
Cano’s killer was AIDS. It was the cause of death for a number of American men aged between 25 to 44 years of age.
García, José “Solo”: Art Category: Muralist. Art Movement: Street Art.
Perro Rojo (2010).
Gass, Linda: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Title: Puzzle of Salt.
Material and Technique: Stitched painting on silk.
Gauguin, Eugene-Henri-Paul: Art Category: Painter, Sculptor. Art Movements: Post-Impressionism, Peasant Sculpture of Brittanny.
Genre Painting: Painting that depicts a scene from daily life.
A genre painting. Adrian van Ostade, Fishmonger (1660-1670).
Gentileschi, Orazio: (1562 Pisa - 1647 London). He was born Orazio Gentileschi Lomi. He was trained in the style of Florentine Mannerism and of Pontomo. At he the beginning of the 1580s he went to Rome and belonged to the aristic circle around Caravaggio until ca. 1600. In the early 1620's he worked in Genoa before being summoned to Paris by Marie dé Médicis in 1624. He joined the English court in 1626. Gentileschi's work combined Tuscan traditions with Caravaggism.
Geometric: A motif, pattern, or design depicting abstract, nonrepresentational shapes such as lines, circles, ellipses, triangles, rectangles, and polygons.
Geometric Design: A design based on a geometric pattern, often contrasted with representational designs, such as floral or conversational.
Geometric Period: Period from 900 to 700 B.C. when geometric motifs on Greek vases formed a background first for animals, then for human figures.
Terracotta pyxis (box with lid).
George, Lois: Art Category: Fashion Art. Art Movement: Wearable Art.
Title: Going Going Green.
Materials and Technique: Base cape - fine woven wool twill. Layered fabrics, chiffons, satins, cotton voiles, lace, acrylic and polyester materials. Crocheted trees in wool and acrylic, sequins, beads, cording, hand stitching.
Géricault, Théodore: (1791 Rouen - 1824 Paris). He belonged to the beginning of Romanticism in France. He worked with inspiration from his contenmporary Antoine-Jean Gros, as well as Michelangelo and Raphael. Géricault broke with Classicism: he preferred comtemporary subjects to representative ones. Nor did he follow any particular abstract ideas of shapes, but instead opted for a realistic, artistically emotive style. In addition to painting of horses, he produced portraits of innmates of mental asylums, doing so with a strong sense of pathos.
German Montana (Graffiti Term): Specialty paint brand company designed for graffiti. Due to a dispute in name branding, it is unrelated to Spanish Montana, a company selling the same products which capitalized on the idea first.
Generic Terms in Art: Terms that differentiate between the subjects of various types of art. In medieval and Renaissance paintings, we differentiate between religious and profane picture subjects. In Dutch art there was a marked development in the variety of subjects after the beginning of the 17th century. The repertoire of subjects deemed worthy of representation increased dramatically in line with the specializations of individual artists, and gradually their work was ordered according to type (architectural, sea, flower, kitchen, social, interior, landscape, still life, historical etc.) A hierachy of types formed in Italy in the 15th century, in which the historical picture - the representation of religious and mythological subjects or historical events - was regarded as the most discerning and elegant task of the painter; this remained very much the case until well into the 19th century.
Gesalt: German for "configuration"; Gesalt School of psychology relates to ways in which images are perceived and understood.
Composition showing the Gestalt Principles.
Gesso: Mixture of plaster of paris or gypsum and glue, used as a base for base relief or to prepare painting surface.
Ghirlandaio, Domenico: (1449 Florence - 1494 Florence). He was born Domenico di Tommaso Bigordi. He and Botticelli were the two leading artist of the early Renaissance in Florence. After serving an apprenticeship as a goldsmith, he trained under Alesso Baldovinetti. He received important ideas from Verocchio. In his primarily religious frescoes and panel paintings, which often transposed the events into contemporary settings, Ghirlandaio developed a style that was marked by a strong plasicity and emphasized contours.
Ghost (Graffiti Term): The mark left after paint or ink has been unsuccessfully "buffed".
Giacometti, Alberto: Art Category: Sculptor. Art Movement: Surrealism.
Walking man.
Giambologna, Jean Boulogna: Art Category: Sculptor. Art Movement: Mannerism.
The Rape of the Sabine Women (1574-82), Florence.
Gibson, John: Art Category: Sculptor. Art Movement: Neo-Classical.
Hunter and dog.
Giorgione: (1477/78 Castelfranco Veneto - 1510 Venice). Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Renaissance.
He was born Giorgio de Castelfranc; also known as Giorgio Barbarelli. He was an important artist of the High Renaissance in Venice. He is believed to have trained under Giovanni Bellini. Giorgione increasingly dispensed with outlines in favor of gradations of color, thereby making the objects come to the foreground of his work. In doing so, he managed to show figures moving freely within the area and to re-create the atmospheric effect of the landscape.
Giotto di Bondone: (ca. 1268 Colle di Vespignano, Florence - 1337 Florence). He was one of the defining artits of Western culture. He may have been a student of Cimabue. From 1292 he worked in Assisi, then in Rome, Padua, Naples, Milan and Florence. Giotto broke completely with Byzantine tradition, and with his individualized and physical, three dimensional view of the human being, established a new language of form that was based on reality as it was experienced.
Girardon, Francois: (1628 Troyes - 1715 Paris). As a sculptor he played a key role in shaping the style of the time of Louis XIV. After trtaining in his hometown of Troyes and a study trip to Rome from 1648 to 1650, he moved to Paris, where he occupied himself primarily with decorative sculpture. He produced sculptures for Chambre du Roi and the Galerie d'Apollon of the Louvre, and played an important role in determining the appearance of the Palace of Versailles, frequently working to designs by Charles Le Brun. His work combines Baroque dynamics with Classicist strength.
Girten, Thomas: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Romantic Landscape.
Landscape with Hill and Clouds.
Gleizes, Albert: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Cubism.
Cubist Landscape (1914).
Gō (Japanese): Pen or artist's name.
Godbout, Rosie: Art Category: Wearable Artist. Art Movement: Wearable Art.
Title: Perfecto Vest (2007).
Materials and Techniques: Merino fleece, silk rayon; wet felted.
Size: 80 x 43 cm.
Going Over (Graffiti Term): To "go over" a piece of graffiti simply means to paint on top of it. While most writers respect one another's artwork, to intentionally and disrespectfully paint on top of another's work is akin to a graffiti declaration of war. However (due partially to the limited amount of desirable wall-space) most graffiti writers maintain a hierarchy of sorts; a tag can legitimately be covered by a throw-up, and a throw-up by a piece, and this is commonly done without incident. If a piece has previously been slashed (or "dissed"), it is also acceptable for another writer to go over it. To violate these guidelines, or to simply paint lower-quality graffiti on top of a higher-quality artist's work will quickly characterize a writer as an annoyance, or "toy." This is dangerous as most crews and writers will react with physical violence and/or by repeatedly going over writers not respecting their self-claimed rank in the hierarchy.
Goings, Ralph: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Superrealism.
Relish.
Golden Section: Harmonious proportions arising from division of any line A-C at point B so that AB as BC is to AB; this ratio (1:1.618) provides the dimensions of the "golden triangle". See diagram below.
Goncharov, Natalia: Art Category: Painter, Wearable Art. Art Movement: Rayonism, Wearable Art.
Gonzalez, Julio: Art Category: Sculptor, Constructivist. Art Movement: Metal Constructivism.
Gonzalez, Julio: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Surrealism.
Visage criant a la grande main, 1941.
Gorky, Arshile: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Surrealism.
The Liver is the Cock's Comb (1944)
Gossaert, Jan (ca. 1478 Maubeuge - 1531? Breda). Known as Mabuse, he was one of the first Dutch Romanticists. He worked in Burges until 1503, after which he went to Antwerp. He was in the service of several high-ranking sponsors. He was the traveling companion to Philip of Burgundy and visited Italy ca. 1508, but the impressions he gained did not start to influence his work until 1515. In addition to several small Madonnas, he painted portraits and mythological subjects.
Gothic Style: Originally applied to art and architecture of France, and then Europe, from twelfth to mid sixteenth century; emphasis on vertical space, basilica plan, long, narrow nave, slender masonry construction, progressive enlargement of the window area, ribbed groin vaults, flying buttresses, stain glass.
The Cathedral of Saint-Gatian, Tours, France.
Gottlieb, Adolph: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Abstract Imagery Landscapes.
Pink and Indian Red Oil on canvas.
Gouache: Painting technique using opaque water colors bound with gum.
Gouache and watercolour. Bedouins by John Singer Sargent Brooklyn.
Goya Lucientes, Francisco José de: (1748 Fuendetodos, Aragon - 1828 Bordeaux). He worked, like his teacher and brother-in-law Francisco Bayeu, for the Spanish court, where he was made official Painter in 1799. On the Restoration of Ferdinand VII, he went into voluntary exile in Bordeaux in 1824. Goya's works were initially influenced by the Rococo style of Tiepolo (1698-1770), and then especially by the natural picture language of Vélazquez (1599-1660). Around 1790, when the political situation began to affect him, and he was impaired by increasing deafness, he adopted a new, somewhat coarse Realism that did not avoid the ugly.
Francisco José de Goya, Self-portriat (1815).
Academia de S. Fernando, Madrid.
Goyen, Jan van: (1596 Leiden - 1658 The Hague). He was one of the major landscape painters of the Broque and a leading exponent of Haarlem tonal painting. He completed his training under Esaias van de Velde in Haarlem before establishing himself as a master painter in Leiden in 1618. He worked in The Hague from 1631. Van Goyen started painting landscapes with folkloric scenes in strong natural colors, but then resumed figural painting and reduced his palette to shades of gray, green, and brown.
Graffiti Writer or just "Writer" (Graffiti Term): Acknowledges the calligraphic origins of some works and the central place that the written word, or tag has in much contemporary graffiti.
Graphic: A design created for the purpose of printing. Also refers to a design with a bold look.
Grasset, Eugène: Art Category: Printmaker. Art Movement: Art Nouveau.
Napoleon in Egypt (1895).
Greek Key Pattern: A plane geometric pattern or a border interlocking that consists of lines that meet at right angles. Also known as fret pattern. Often used as an ornamental border design.
Gris, Juan: Art Category: Painter, Wearable Art. Art Movement: Orphic Cubism, Wearable Art.
Grisaille: (French: gris meaning 'gray,' and grisailler, meaning 'to paint gray.' Gray-on-gray painting that deliberately dispenses with colored gradations and uses only stone colors or shades of brown or gray. It is particularly suited to the artistic representation of sculptural or relief works.
Grisaille study of bearded man for Agape Oil on canvas.
Groenewegen, Dianne: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Expressionism.
Title: Fragile Forest (detailed view).
Materials and Technique: Raw silk and black organza. Screen-printed and foiled.
Gropius, Walter: Art Category: Painter, Creator of Bauhaus. Art Movements: Art Nouveau, Bauhaus.
Untitled. From the portfolio for Walter Gropius on his birthday, 18th May 1924).
Materials and Technique: Black ink, water colours and opaque colors.
Size: 19.6 x 22.5 cm.
Gros, Antoine-Jean: (1771 Paris - 1835 Bas-Meudon, Paris). He was trained by his father in painting miniatures, and became a student of Jacques-Louis David in 1785. He worked in Florence and Genoa as a miniaturist and portrait painter from 1793, and accompanied Napoleon on his Italian campaign in 1798. He returned to Paris in 1799 after the French defeat. Gross' pictures of battles and the nobility continued in their classic-academic style, but he impressed the Romanticists with his Rubens-inpired composition and coloring.
Grosz, Max Herrmann-Neisse: Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: Dada, German Expressionism.
This is the second of two portraits George Grosz painted of his friend, writer Max Herrmann-Neisse. (1927).
Grotesque: Decoration in the manner of grotto sculptures, especially with fantastic interweaving of human and animal forms with foliage.
Pictures Château of Vaux le Vicomte Grotto.
Ground: The part of a design that appears to be farthest from the viewer and behind the objects of interest. Can be a solid color, texture, random objects, or another pattern (patterned ground). Also called background. Opposite of foreground.
Patterned ground: Background of beautiful native fabrics.
Guild: Low German. Free professional and social associations of medieval artisans, merchants, tradesman, organized to protect their interests, to maintain standards of craft, to govern the training of apprentices and journey men, the admission of members, the reservation of trade secrets and the control of business and work. The guild existed in Germanic countries and northern France since at least the 8th century AD. Membership ensured legal potection for the individual, followed at a later stage by mutual welfare aid.
The Syndics of the Drapers' Guild by Rembrandt (1662).
Guilloche: A decorative repeat of interlacing curved bands, sometimes forming circles.
Guilloche Red Element for Certificate or Diploma.
Guston, Philip: Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: Abstract Impressionism/Abstract Expressionism.
Title: Smoking, Eating (1973).
Guttuso, Renato: Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: Cubism, Social Realism.
Portrait of the artists mother.
Guys, Constantin: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: French Realism.
Constantin Guys: Loge.
Gwion, Gwion: The Ngarinyin name for dynamic, naturalistic human figures painted on rock walls in the Kimberly (Australia). Previously known as the "Bradshaw figures" after the anglo-saxon explorer Captain Joseph Bradshaw, who recorded these Aboriginal paintings in 1892.
Tassel Bradshaw (Gwion Gwion) figures wearing ornate costumes.
Haake, Hans: Art Category: Constructivist. Art Movement: Ecosystem Installations.
Blue Sail (1965).
Hairline Stripe: The thinnest stripe pattern possible, with stripe width of about the diameter of human hair.
An example of a hairline stripe design.
Half-Drop: A layout in which the motif is repeated halfway down the side in the vertical direction. The most frequently used repeat in textile design.
Colorful half drop repeat pattern of roosters.
Hals, Frans: (ca. 1581/1585 ?Antwerp - 1686 Haarlem). Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: 17th Century Painter.
The Gypsy Girl (1626).
He was a sculptor in Haarlem. Around 1602 he studied under the Mannerist artist and writer Karel van Mander. In 1610 he joined the Guild of St. Luke as an independent master painter, and was appointed it president in 1644. Hals developed his own realistic form of representation that was free of any Italian elements. His keen observation and the lively expressions on his models were typical of his portraits.
Hamann, Grace Michio: Art Category: Surface Designer. Art Movement: Geometric.
Sunset Chevron (2012).
Hamilton, Richard: Art Category: Collage. Art Movement: British Pop Art.
Title: Study - Portrait of Hugh Gaitskellas a Famous Monster of Filmland (1964).
Hand: The style of an artist's design. Tight hand is very fine and detailed; loose hand is a freer, more stylized way of drawing.
Tight hand drawing.
Hand Style (Graffiti Term): Handwriting or tagging style.
Hanson, Duan: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Superrealism.
Title: Queenie II.
Happening: A quasi-theatrical event staged or contrived in non-repeatable form, employing people, places and objects to make a visual sculptural satirical statement.
1970s were a decade of fashion, happenings & youth culture.
Harding, Richard: Art Category: Printmaker. Art Movement: Photographic Expressionism.
Title: Invisible man – walk like a man (2009).
Harding, Tim: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Expressionism.
Title: Falling Man, Shroud #1.
Material and Technique: Silk, reverse appliqué.
Harnett, Michael: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Realism.
Title: Mortality and Immortality.
Hartley, Marsden: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: German Expressionism Revisited.
Title: Painting No. 48 (1913).
Hartung, Hans: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Title: 24 (1953).
Hashira-e (Pillar Prints - Japanese): A narrow print size: 27.5 - 29.5 x 4.75 - 6 inches (70 - 75 x 12 - 15 cm).
Color woodblock pillar print - hashira-e.
Hassall, John: Art Category: Printmaker. Art Movement: Symbolism.
Title: Colman’s Mustard.
Hat or Honor-Among-Thieves (Graffiti Term): A person who is described as wearing a "hat" is an artist who is considered trustworthy in the graffiti community. A person who knows a lot of information about other artists but does not spread such knowledge to the authorities. "Don't worry about him, he wears a dope hat"
Hatching: A drawing or printmaking technique; a kind of shading in which fine lines placed closed together create a tone that models form; in painting a series of parallel strikes (as in Cezanne) that create the appearance of planes or facets of form.
Melbourne illustrator Charles Le Brun.
Hawkins, Jennifer: Art Category: Soft Sculptor. Art Movement: Modernism.
Title: We Used to Live in Trees.
Materials and Technique: Fiber optic stalks, feathers, Perspex.
Head (Graffiti Term): (i) Similar to a king or queen, a "head" is a writer who has much skill and a high reputation among other writers in his area; (ii) Also "O.G. Head" (for Original, or Original Gangster).
Head Buff Spot (Graffiti Term): The portion of wall panels of the subway car interior above the seats located at passenger's head level. The mild though frequent abrasion from passengers heads eventually buffs (removes) tags on these locations. It is an undesirable location to tag.
Heartfield, John: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Expressionism.
Heartfield's 1932 AIZ Cover - Adolf Superman.
Heaven Spots or shorter as "Heavens" (Graffiti Term): Pieces that are painted in hard-to-reach places such as rooftops and freeway signs, thus making them hard to remove. Such pieces, by the nature of the spot, often pose dangerous challenges to execute, but may increase an artist's notoriety. This term also encompasses a double-meaning as the locations are often very dangerous to paint there and it may lead to death, thus, going to heaven (also known as "hitting up the heavens").
Heckel, Erich: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Expressionism.
Subject:Weisses Haus in Dangast.
Technique: Oil painting (1908).
Hedonic: Pertaining to pleasure; art created to generate agreeable sensations.
The Hedonic Son Art Print (Red bubble).
Heem, Jan Davidsz. de: (1608 Utrecht - 1384/85 Antwerp).
He combined Dutch and Flemish elements in his pictures of flowers, books, and primarily - magnificent still lifes, and was an excellent exponent of his art. He lived in Utrecht and Leiden before moving to Antwerp as a mature artist in 1635/36. Occassionally between 1667 and 1672 he also returned to the town of his birth.
Hefetz, Naomi: Art Category: Surface Design. Art Movement: Illustrative.
Forced Nature (2012).
Heffernen, Jodi: Art Category: Printmaker. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Title: The Fragile Edge.
Heizer, Michael: Art Category: Constructivist. Art Movement: Earthen Artworks.
Circular surface planar displacement drawing.
Held, Al: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Minimalism.
Title: Mao (1967).
Hellenic: Of or relating to Greece.
Hellenism: Greek civilization.
Hellenistic: Period from 323 to 168 BC, when the Greek language and Greek art dominated the eastern Mediterranean in numerous kingdoms established by the successors of Alexander the Great, including Ptolemaic Egypt.
Hellion, Jean: Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: Cubism, Abstraction-Creationism.
Hélion (1930s).
Helmer, Claudia: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Title: Die Gedanken Sind Frei 3 (detailed view).
Hemche, Abdelhalim: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Expressionism.
Title: Reflets d'Afrique noire (1951).
Henri, Florence: Art Category: Weaver. Art Movement: Bauhaus.
Abstract Composition (1926).
Henri, Robert: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: American Expressionism.
Edna Smith in a Japanese Wrap (1915).
Henrys, Jeannie: Art Category: ArtCloth. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Henry Shots (Graffiti Term): Photographic technique developed by Henry Chalfant. The camera remains in one spot with automatic film advance while the subject (train) moves. The end result is a straight forward single image built from several frames providing more detail. Though the term is used infrequently the technique has become one of the standards for photo documentation of trains.
Hepworth, Barbara: Art Category: Sculptor. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Title: Spring (1966).
Herati: A stylized rosette, enclosed in a diamond, with a serrated "acanthus leaf" along each side, often used as a motif in the rug designs from the Caspian region. The "leaf" may actually represent a fish and then the pattern is also called the mahi (fish) design. The name comes from the city of Herat in Northwestern Afghanistan (formerly the Persian empire).
Herati Pattern.
Hesterman, Heather: Art Category: Printmaker. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Artist and Title: Heather Hesterman - Holes (Nude) (1997).
Technique: Screen print, punched holes red silk, glass and frame (detail).
Size: 44 x 30 cm.
Hey, Kean: Known to have been in France between 1480 and 1500, he was also known as the 'Master of Moulins.' He worked in Moulins from 1483 for the distinguished court of the Bourbons. Although his distinctive Naturalism put him in the Dutch tradition of Hugo van der Goes, his choice of motifs and stylization, which was based on Italian works was taken from the art of Bourges and the works of Jean Fouquet. His elegant court paintings confirmed him as a French painter who was already committed to the spirit of the Renaissance.
Hieroglyphics: (Greek: scared carved writing). The Greek term, consisting of the words for 'sacred' and 'carved' for the Ancient Eqyptian picture writing of the 2nd/3rd centuries B.C. The direction of writing results from inverting the representations of animals and humans. When the resemblance to writing is lost, the symbol becomes a character representing a word, syllable, or letter.
Hikizome Brushes: A ground color brush with wide handle and deer hair bristles, which absorbs large amounts of dye.
Hildebrand, Adolf von: Art Category: Sculptor. Art Movement: Neo-Classical.
Konrad Fiedler.
Hillebrand, Bridget: Art Category: Printmaker. Art Movement: Naïve Realism.
Title: Site Unseen II.
Hip-Hop-Style Graffiti (Graffiti Term): So known because of its connection with Hip-Hop culture (associated with rap music); also known as subway-style graffiti.
Historiated: Decorated with elaborate ornamental designs and figures, especially in a narrative (historical, religious or classical) scene.
Illuminated Letter Designs in the Historiated Style of the Middle Ages.
Hit (Graffiti Term): A tag, throw-up or piece - the act of writing.
Hjorth, Sandee: Art Category: Surface Designer. Art Movement: Representational.
Black Swan (2012).
Hockney, David: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: British Pop Art.
Title: Tutt'Art@
Hoelscher-Schacker, Kristin: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Untitled.
Materials and Technique: Transfer dye process on silk, hand stitched.
Hoffer, Carl: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Expressionism.
Karl Hofer, Self-Portrait with Model (1909).
Hofmann, Hans: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Symbolism.
August Light (1957).
Hog-Hair Brush: Tough, springy hog-hair brush that is suitable for acrylic- and oil painting.
Hoist (tag): Art Category: Muralist. Art Movement: Street Art.
The late Graffiti artist, Eugene 'Risk' Cleary, appears as a winged spray can, flying to heaven.
Hokusai (Japanese): Art Category: Printmaker. Art Movement: Naïve Realism.
Title: The Great Wave.
Holbein, Hans, the younger: (1497 Augsburg - 1543 London). He was the most significant portrait painter of his time. He first studied under his father, Hans Holbein the elder, and then he worked as a master in Basal from 1519. He traveled to London for the first time around 1527, and settled there in 1532. From 1538 he painted only portraits, primarily of the nobility at the royal court, and also of Hanseatic merchants. initially late Gothic in style, Holbein's work gradually became clearer and simpler as a result of his associatiobn with Italian art. His works are noteworthy for a cool detactment and precise details.
Hans Holbein the Younger, Self-Portrait.
ca. 1540-1543, Uffizi Gallery, Florence.
Holes: Uneven gaps between motifs in a design.
Hollows (Graffiti Term): Also referred to as "outlines" and "shells". A hollow is a piece of graffiti that contains no fill.
Holmes, Cas: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Abstract Expressionism.
Title: Blackbirds 1 & 11 (Full View).
Hologram/holograph Image: One which gives a three-dimensional illusion without use of a camera: a laser beam (known as "coherent light") is split so that diffraction patterns are produced digitally; these reconstitute image of a subject when illuminated by light from a similar laser produces a hologram.
Title and Technique: Shroud of Turin. Hologram.
Hooch, Pieter de: (1629 Rotterdam - 1684 Amsterdam). He studied under the landscape painter Nicolaes Berchem in Haarlem ca. 1647. When he settled in Delft in 1655, he stopped producing his tavern and guardroom scenes, choosing instead his famous interiors and courtyard scences. Some of these were strongly influenced by Vermeer and showed the everyday life of the bourgeoisie. Another fundamental change in style followed when he moved to Amsterdam around 1681. Influenced by the painting of the French Court, he painted only elegant society scenes in magnificent surroundings.
Homer, Winslow: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Psychological Realism.
Title: The Gulf Stream (1899).
Hoogstraten, Samel van: (1627 Dordrecht - 1678 Dordrecht). He was ctaught by his fathert Dirck and, from ca. 1642 until 1648, by Rembrandt in Amsterdam. He worked in Vienna and London until returning to Holland and settling in The Hague in 1666, and in his hometown in 1670. In his thematically varied painting, van Hoogstraten initially followed the style of Rembrandt, but later experienced much success with his trompe l'oeil paintings. He also designed prints, experimented with optical equipment, constructed peep-show boxes, and wrote a number of important essays on art.
Honthorst, Gerrit (Gerad) van: (1590 Utrecht - 1658 Utrecht). He was one of the main exponents of Caravaggism in Utrecht. Trained by Abraham Bloemaert, he worked mainly in Rome between 1610 and 1622, where he was delighted by Caravaggio's work, although he lightened his harsh chiaroscuro efeects. He specialized in night-time pieces, which earned him the sobriquet of 'Gherardo della Notte.' Back in Utrecht, he gradually turned to mythological and Arcadian representations in Classical style. Honthorst also worked at the English court and for the House of Orange.
Hopper, Edward: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Urban Realism.
Title: Automate.
Horizontal Dimension: The width of an image, sometimes controlling reduction or enlargement in printing.
Horst: Art Category: Wearable Artist. Art Movement: Wearable Art.
Title: Deadwood (2009).
Materials and Techniques: Falkland wool; wet felted, dyed.
Size: 150 x 120 x 120 cm.
Hosoban (Japanese): A narrow print size: 13 x 15.625 inches (33 x 14.5 cm).
Slipping out of a robe at the bath (hosoban tate-e) by ishikawa.
Hot 110 (Graffiti Term): Synonymous with the term Toy.
Hot Spots (Graffiti Term): Places where graffiti regularly appears.
Houden, Jean-Antoine: (1741 Verailles - 1828 Paris). He Was trained by various different Parisian sculptors, including Réne Michel Slodtz. During a four year stay in Rome, between 1764 and 1768, he trained himself in the style of Antique sculpture. He then relocated to Paris, and joined the Academy there. His works combine Classicist strength of form and Baroque motion, while his figures are filled with a living Realism.
Huet, Paul: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: French Landscape.
Title: Trees in the Park at Saint Cloud.
Humanism: (Latin: 'humanus' meaning human). A literary force developed in Italy from the mid 14th century which, with its basis in Antiquity, had human existence at its core. A key feature at the time of the Renaissance was man's emancipation from God. This was associated with striving for new spiritual and hard scientific findings based on worldliness. Humanists commit themselves especially the rediscovery and maintenance of the Greek and Latin languages and literature. Even today, the term refers to the supposedly ideal link between education based on traditional learning and humanity that stems from a proximity to and close observation of reality.
Hunter, Anne Maree: Art Category: Printmaker. Art Movement: Expressionism.
I cried because I had no shoes. Then I met a woman who had no feet!
Iconoclasm: (Greek meaning - 'Image-breaking'). During the reformation, the battle against religious pictures in churches and the reverence with which they were treated. Oposing Karlstadt ('von Abtuhung der Builder' 1522), Martin Luther King tried to balance Zwingli and Calvin, who radically rejected the admiration of pictures. The hatred of pictures developed most fiercely in the Netherlands (1588).
Note: Iconoclasts argued that religious images had come to be regarded by worshippers as idols, and hence must be displeasing to God. Iconophiles adduced a range of arguments from the Bible and Christian tradition legitimating their use.
Byzantine Iconoclasm, Chludov Psalter, 9th Century.
Iconography: The conventional meanings of images used to convey or symbolize ideas in works of art; an artist’s distinctive use of visual symbols.
Iconology: The historical study and interpretation of visual symbols in art, with particular attention to their literary origins; the study of religious symbolism.
Birth of Venus - Caravaggio painted several martyred saints, which is an example of iconology.
Idealization: Visual representations, which omit defects or imperfect variations in a form; a type of abstraction; a type of stylization; representation the follow perfect models.
The Idealization of Asymmetrical Thought.
Ideogram: Character which symbolizes an idea by representing an associated object, but does not express sounds of its name; many Chinese characters are ideograms.
Good examples of ideogram are the red circle that means - 'not allowed.'
Illustration: A term used to distinguish a drawn image from one that is photographed.
Illustration art.
Image: The subject to be reproduced as an illustration.
Image of a Martian in Neo Geo Battle Coliseum.
Impasto: Thick, heavy painting; usually oil painting composed of pronounced bristle-brush strokes or palette-knife applications, which stand out in relief and are plainly apparent to the spectator. From the Italian word for paste; paint applied in thick slathers or lumps.
Impasto painting - Palette Knife and Wood Canvas.
Impressionism: (French). A pictorial form of expression that flourished in France in the last quarter of the 19th century as a reaction to the rigid doctrines of the Academy and of studio, historical, and genre painting. The name is derived from a painting by Claude Monet entitled, 'Impression, Sunrise' (1872, Musée Marmoton, Paris). It was initially used in art criticism as a derogatory term for a group of artists that were excluded from the official Salon, who had their first group exhibition in the studio of Parisian photographer Nadar in 1874. As a new form of naturalism, Impressionism negates traditional picture means and, in a wholly revolutionary way, interprets the natural object solely through color.
Claude Monet, Haystacks, (sunset) (1890–1891).
Indiana, Robert: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Pop Art.
Title: Love (1968).
Ingres, Jean-Auguste-Dominique: (1780 Montauben - 1867 Paris.) Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: Academic Classicism, Romanticism.
Princesse Albert de Broglie, née Joséphine-Eléonore-Marie-Pauline de Galard de Brassac de Béarn (1853).
He studied latterly in Paris under Jacques-Louis David. He lived in Florence and Rome from 1808 to 1824, then returned to Paris. In 1853 he followed a call to Accademia in Rome and taught there until 1841. Initially influenced by David's work, Ingres gradually turned to Renaissance. He attempted to harmonize ideal forms and naturalness in his style. As an exponent of late Classicism, he was a counterpart to Delacroix, who was strongly opposed to this type of 'offical' art.
Insides (Graffiti Term): Graffiti done inside trains, trams, or buses. In 1970s New York, there was as much graffiti inside the subway trains as outside, and the same is true of some cities today (like Rome, Italy and Melbourne, Australia). While still very common, "insides" are often perceived as being less artistic.
Instrumentalism: A term used to describe the critical position that greatness in art results from effectiveness in advancing the objectives of humanity usually defined by one of a number of major social or economic institutions; family, church, state, guild, firm, political party, corporation.
Art that is thought to be instrumental is generally didactic in nature, in that it instructs, persuades or proselytises.
Intaglio: Carving in which the design is cut into the surface - opposite to relief.
Intaglio Lithograph (Detail from Galloping Horses.)
Intensity: (i) The relative number of photons that flood the optical nerve of the eye. Low intensity colors suggest few photons are registered compared to very intense colors; (ii) The degree of chromatic reflection; the less white light reflected from a surface the more intense the chromatic or the black effect will be; (iii) In color, a high degree of brightness; the fullest manifestations of a color chroma, its freedom from black, white or grey. In aesthetics, high emotional excitation.
Interlocking Pattern: An arrangement in which motifs are linked or otherwise fit together so that one cannot be moved without affecting others. See also tessellations.
An example of an interlocking pattern design.
International Style: First applied to Gothic art; the style of architecture and Unitarian designed developed in the 1920s by Walter Gropius, Mies van der Rohe and Le Corbusier; an outgrowth of the Bauhaus philosophy.
At the dawn of the 15th Century, the style known as International Gothic.'
Intjalki, Atipalku: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Traditional Aboriginal Art - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Batik on silk.
Intonaco: The final layer of lime plaster upon which a fresco is painted. This is only one of the Italian terms for specific layers of fresco plaster that is in wide use.
Intonaco frattazzato.
Irregular Repeat: A design based on the same principles as the half-drop and brick layout repeats, but in which consecutive units are not always moved by a fraction of the repeat size.
An example of an irregular repeat.
Isometric Projection: Axonometric projection in which axes are arranged at 120o to each other and all dimensions along axes are in the same scale ratio.
Some 3D shapes using the isometric drawing method. The black dimensions are the true lengths as found in an orthographic projection.
Istoriato: Italian meaning “historiated”. Italian Renaissance maiolica decorated with a narrative (historical, religious, classical) or other figural scene.
A Duchy of Urbino Maiolica Istoriato dish.
Italian Quilting: A stitched and padded type of quilting similar to trapunto, except that the padding takes the form of a thick yarn padding inserted between two parallel rows of stitching, creating a linear type of raised design.
Italian Quilting otherwise known as trapunto.
Itten, Johannes: Art Category: Painter (Bauhaus). Art Movement: Abstract Color.
Der Bachsänger (Helge Lindberg).
Japonaiserie: Japanese porcelain and lacquer inspired in the European mind set of decorative ideas slightly different from those of chinoiserie.
Jawlensky, Alexey: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: German Expressionism.
Self Portrait (1905).
Johansson, Erik: Art Category: Photography. Art Movement: Realistic Surrealism.
Title: Arms Break, Vases Don't.
Technique: Photo realistic surrealism.
Johns, Jasper: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Abstract Expressionism.
Title: Flag (1954-55).
Johnson, Eastman: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Psychological Realism.
Title: Slavery.
Johnson, Tim: Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: Post Modernism, Post Modern Appropriation.
Tim Johnson and Clifford Possum Tjapaltjarri, Reincarnation (1993).
Jonas, Marty: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Title: Encircle.
Technique: Hand-dyed silk thread, dyed silk fabric using soy wax resist, crocheted circles, hand embroidery.
Jones, Allen: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: British Pop Art.
Hatstand (1969).
Jones, Peggy Napangardi: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Traditional Aboriginal Art - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Untitled.
Technique: Handpainted silk.
Jordaans, Jacob: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: 17th Century Painters.
Title: The Four Evangelists (ca. 1620).
He was one of Flanders' leading Baroque artists. He trained under Adam van Noort (who also taught Rubens) from 1607 to 1615. He joined the Artists' Guild in 1515 and became Dean in 1621. He frequently collaborated with Rubens on large representative commisssions. Jordaans' style was similar to Caravaggio's, and also incorporated the realistic tendencies in Dutch art. Although a strict Calvinist, his works - which covered a wide range of subjects - consisted of strong, brightly colored, cheery figures.
Jugendstil: See Art Nouveau.
Arnold Lyongrün, Vorlage für ein Fenster im Jugendstil (Berlin und New York 1900).
Junk Art: The use of rubbish or trivial objects (by Schwitters, Duchamp, Dubuffet and others) to create images and objects; an extension of the collage idea.
Dario Tironi - junk art sculptures. The Suite World.
Kachōga (Flower and Bird Painting - Japanese): A term used to designate a genre in prints and paintings with floor-and-bird themes.
Kachōga - Bird and Flowers.
Kagajo, Ken: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Title: Discharge Thundercloud (full view).
Kahlo, Frida Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Naïve Realism.
Title: Self-portrait.
Kain Panjang: Long cloth, approximately two to three meters (6.5-10ft) long, densely decorated with batik designs and with a border at one end.
Kakemono-e (Hanging Scroll Picture - Japanese): A vertical ōban diptych: 30 x 9 inches (76.5 x 23 cm).
Kikugawa Eizan: Kakemono-e.
Kandinsky, Wassily: Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: Cubism, Blue Rider – German Expressionism, Russian Intermezzo, Biomorphic Abstraction.
Title: Yellow, Red, Blue.
Kanō School (Japanese): An official school of painters that worked in a style based in Chinese ink painting tradition of kanga.
Nino: Birds and Flowers of Spring and Summer.
Kantilla, Osmond: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movements: Tiwi Design - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Title: Blanket. Cotton drill (full view).
Karritpul, Kieren: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Traditional Aboriginal Art - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Title: Yerggi 1 - Pandanus.
Technique: Acrylic on linen.
Kee, Jenny: Art Category: Fashion Art. Art Movement: Wearable Art.
Keiffer, Audrey Victoria: Art Category: Surface Design. Art Movement: Illustrative.
Title: Genie (2013).
Kelly, Elsworth: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Minimalism.
Title: The Meschers (1951).
Kentō (Japanese): Registration marks cut at the edges of the woodblocks.
Kentō Shaman (manga).
Kenyon, Jane: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Abstract Expressionism.
Title: Fracture.
Materials and Technique: Thread painting in rayon and cotton thread.
Kerkovious, Ida: Art Category: Weaver. Art Movement: Bauhaus.
Technique: Appliqué (early 1920s).
Keyline (Graffiti Term): The line that runs around the outside of a piece.
Khadda, Mohamed: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Title: Alphabet libre (1954).
Khnopff, Fernand: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Symbolism.
Title: Frank T. Zumbach's Mysterious World.
Kill (Graffiti Term): To bomb excessively.
Kim, Sora: Art Category: Sculptor. Art Movement: Post Modernism.
Sora Kim & Gimhongsoh (South Korea) - Chronic Historical Interpretation Syndrome (CHIS) (2003).
Kinetic Art: Mainly three-dimension or sculptural art, which seems to move spontaneously in space (as in a Calder mobile) by the aid of a mechanism or through some naturally recurring force, like tide, wind or water.
King (Graffiti Term): The opposite of toys. Kings or queens (feminine) are writers especially respected among other writers. This is sometimes separated into "inside" and "outside" kings. To be a king of the inside means you have most tags inside trains (to "own the inside"), and to "own the outside" means having most pieces on the train surface. There are kings of style among a variety of other categories and the term is regionally subjective. For example, in Los Angeles a "King" would be someone who has achieved status by years in the graffiti longevity, style, ups, and originality. Self-declared kings will often incorporate crowns into their pieces; a commonly used element of style. However the people must be very self-confident when doing it, since other great writers tend to slash out self-proclaimed kings who have not gained that rank yet in their eyes. Typically a writer can only become a king if another king with that status already has expressed so.
Kirchner, Ernst Ludwig: Art Category: Woodcuts, Painter. Art Movements: Bridge (Bruck), Blue Rider (Blaue Reiter), German Expressionism.
Double Self-Portrait.
Kissel, Kevin: Art Category: Cloth. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Title: Flower bombs.
Materials and Techniques: Cotton, fibre-reactive dyes, textile paint, silk embroidery floss, handwoven cloth, warp and weft Ikat, hand embroidered.
Kitaj, Ronald: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: British Pop Art.
Title: Ohio gang.
Kitsch: Mediocrity in the highest degree. In aesthetics, pretentiously bad art; bad taste in art; cheap, mass-produced objects and images designed to arouse easy emotions.
Kitsch Art by William Franco.
Klee, Paul: Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: Precursor to Surrealism, Blue Rider – German Expressionism, Abstract Creationism.
Title: Water Color Red-Green Steps In Weimar (1923).
Kleinmeister: German meaning 'little master.' Engravers who followed Albrecht Durer and were known for small, Italianate engravings prized by collectors.
Kleinmeister, also called Nürnberg Kleinmeister - 'Prodigal Son.'
Klimt, Gustav: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Art Nouveau.
Title: The Kiss.
Kline, Franz: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Abstract Expressionism.
Untitled.
Kloiber, Joan: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Title: Devolution III.
Technique: Cotton, threads, flourpaste, textile paint. Mono print, embroidered.
Koban (Japanese): A format used for smaller print sizes: it was frequently half the aiban or chūban sizes.
First in a set of four koran-format color woodblock prints, depicting sex toys.
Kōbu Bijutsu Gakkō (Technical Art School - Japanese): An official school established on the campus of the Imperial College in 1876 with the purpose of providing instruction in the Western Arts. It closed in 1883.
The Kobu Bijutsu Gekko and the Beginning of Design Education in Modern Japan.
Kngwarray, Emily: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Traditional Aboriginal Art - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Title: Kam (Pencil Yam Seed) (1988).
Technique: Batik on silk.
Kokoschka, Oskar: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Expressionism.
Title: Lovers with Cat (1917).
Kollwitz, Kathe: Art Category: Printmaker, Sculptor. Art Movement: Expressionism.
Title: Self-Portrait.
Kore: Plural: korae. Greek meaning: 'girl.' A Greek statue of a girl or young woman.
Kore 682, Acropolis ca. 530 BC.
Kornblum, Julie: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Orphism.
Title: What Can I Say.
Technique: Crocheted wire.
Kouros: Plural: kouroi. A Greek statue of a boy or young man.
Marble statue of a kouros.
Krischer, Lauren Elizabeth: Art Category: Surface Designer. Art Movement: Digital.
Title: Polarity 3 (2012).
Krylon (Graffiti Term): A paint brand that was one of the most popular with writers, it is thought of virtually synonymous with graffiti, due to general quality and availability. Heavily used during the hey-day of the New York City Subway graffiti era during the early 1970s to late 1980s, it has a nostalgic status. Starting in mid-2008, the brand introduced a generation of paint can design with an irremovable cap system that sprays a rectangular coverage instead of the circular coverage preferred by writers. The paint quality is runnier and translucent in comparison to graffiti specialty brands. Sherwin Williams, Krylon's parent company, has dominated a significant portion of the paint market and many retail outlets stock only Krylon paints. For this reason, Krylon is categorized into three groups:
• 360 krylon – from the 'Ez touch 360 dial control' label.
• triple krylon – from the 'No Runs, No Drips, No Errors' label.
• original krylon – The first line of cans, sought after as a collectors item.
It is considered to be an indication of being a toy if one chooses 360 Krylon.
Kubin, Alfred: Art Category: Graphic Designer. Art Movement: Expressionism.
Title: Haushamerlinde.
Kuder, Kristi: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Title (top): Golden Keys.
Title (bottom): Wheels Rock My World.
Technique: Photographic images manipulated on computer, digitally printed on fabric, hand stitched on cotton.
Kuehn, Candy: Art Category: Fashion Art. Art Movement: Wearable Art.
Kulyuru, Angkuna: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movements: Traditional Aboriginal Art - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Materials and Technique: Raiki wara (long cloth). Batik On Silk (Ernabella, Australia).
Kulyuru, Unurupa: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Traditional Aboriginal Art - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Materials asnd Technique: Batik on silk satin.
Kupka, Frantisek: Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: Orphic Cubism, Abstract Creationism.
Piano Keyboard/Lake (1909).
Kuruwarri: Men's designs and ceremonies (in the Australian Aboriginal Walpiri language).
Jimmy Robertson - Seed Dreaming (1986).
It is the signs or marks of spirit ancestors (kuruwarri) which are made the foreground of the Lajamanu panels.
Kyōka (Japanese): Proofs.
La Fresnay, Roger de: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Cubism.
Title: The Conquest of the Air (1913).
Lancaster, Helen: Art Category: Painter, Soft Sculptor, Cloth Artist. Art Movements: Abstract Expressionism, Naïve Realism.
Helen Lancaster with her soft sculpture, The Wedding Cake.
Lancaster, Julie: Art Category: Printmaker. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
The Separation Tree.
Landscape Format: Image format in which the width is greater than the height (e.g. portrait format).
Landmark (Graffiti Term): When an individual or crew "tags" on a certain location that becomes very difficult for removal, or is obscure and hidden from the "buff". This will usually be demarcated with a signature that documents the time that they were written. Graffiti that is considered a "landmark" has usually been in place for at least 5 years. These spots are highly respected by other writers, and to go over them can warrant disfavor.
Lane's Net: A pattern of diamonds rotated by 45 and 90 degrees. Diamonds are filled with thin lines radiating from the opposing ends. Legendarily, created by accident in England in the first part of the 19th century and is believed to engender the class of eccentrics.
Lane's Net Pattern.
Larionov, Michael: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Rayonism.
Lateral Reversal: The transposing of an image from left to right as in a mirror reflection.
La Tour, Georges de: (1593 Vic-sur-Seille - 1652 Lunéville.) He was first mentioned in Lunéville in Lorraine in 1618. He worked for Duke Charles IV of Lorraine, and for French King Louis XIII; he was appointed court painter in 1646. The few remaining religious historical and genre paintings are night pieces. His compositions, which consists of a few large figures at the front and reflect a strong management of contrasting light effects, are based on the style of the Caraveggists, although the shapes are highly simplified.
La Tour, Maurice Quentin de: (1704 Saint-Quentin - 1788 Saint-Quentin). He was a student of Flemish artist Jean Jacques Spoëde and Claude Dupouch. After spending time in England and in his hometown, he lived in Paris from 1727 to 1784. He devoted himself entirely to watercolors, which were just coming into fashion, and produced a number of portraits in which he attempted to characterize the sitter psychologically as well as producing a clearly defined, carefully shaded likeness. An extraordinarily successful artist, he became a member of the Académie Royale in 1748 and was appointed Peintre du Roi in 1750.
Latticework: A design of interlacing, crisscrossing stripes forming a network. See also trellis.
Latticework pattern.
Laurens, Henri: Art Category: Sculptor. Art Movement: Cubism.
Femme à L'Oiseau (1922).
Lawrence, Alma-Tadema: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Academic Classicism.
Spring.
Lawrence, Leslie: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Aboriginal Dreaming.
Title: 'Yarraboalla karuldai (rock painting)' (ca. 1983).
Material and Technique: Screen print on Cotton.
Size: 445.0 x 137.0 cm.
Layout: (i) An outline or sketch, which gives the general appearance of the printed material, indicating the relationship between illustration(s) and/or text; (ii) An arrangement of motifs in a pattern, such as diamond, drop, gradation, grid, spot and others. Also called repeat system.
Leach, Sam: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Italian Baroque.
Artist and Title: Sam Leach: 'Proposal For A Landscape Cosmos.'
Comment: It won 2010 Wynne Prize for Best Australian Landscape. However, it is really an Italian Landscape? See Pynacker.
Legal (Graffiti Term): A graffiti piece or production that is made with permission. Writers normatively have to have gained experience writing illegal graffiti in the streets for a considerable amount of time to be respected for legal graffiti. See Hosier Lane, Melbourne, Australia for 'Legal' works.
Leandre, Charles-Lucien: Art Category: Art Posters. Art Movement: Belle Époque poster art.
Title: Le Princess Jaune (1896).
Technique: Color lithograph.
Size: 100.8 x 72.3 cm.
Leaslie, Lawrence: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Aboriginal Culture.
Description: Yarraboalla karuldai (rock painting) (ca. 1983).
Technique: Screen print on Cotton.
Size: 445.0 x 137.0 cm.
Leger, Fernand: Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: Impressionism, Orphic Cubism.
Title: L'Anniversaire.
Lehmbruck, Wilhem: Art Category: Sculptor. Art Movement: Neo-Classical.
Leighton, Frederic: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Academic Classicism.
Le Nain, Louis: (1600/1610 Laon - 1648 Paris). He maintained a shared studioin Paris with his brothers Antoine (1588-1648) and Mathieu (1607-1677). Le Nain was the most talentd of the three brothers, although it is often difficult to differentiate between their work. He was made a member of the Académie Royale de Peinture et Sculpture in 1648. In addition to historical pictures, the Le Nains painted mainly scenes from simple farmer's lives, which provided strong contrast to the court art of the time.
Leonardo de Vinci: (1452 Vinci, Empoli - 1519 Cloux, Amboise). He trained in Florence from about 1468 under Verocchio, for whom he continued to work until 1477 after joining the Guild of Artists. He served Ludovico il Moro in Milan from 1482/83 to 1499, and returned there in 1506 after traveling to Mantua, Venice, and Florence. He went to Rome in 1513, then to France in 1516 when summoned by Francis I. As a painter,sculptor, architect, engineer, art theoretician, and scientist, Leonardo was the first to embody the Renaissance ideal of the universally educated artist.
Lewers, Gerald: Art Category: Sculptor. Art Movement: Modernism.
Lewers, Margo: Art Category: Painter, Constructivist, Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Abstract Expressionism.
Title and Material: Orange and Red (1975) (ArtCloth).
Lewis, Wyndham: Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: Cubism; Futurism.
Workshop.
Leyden, Lucas van: (1494 Leiden - 1533 Leiden). He was known for his extensive graphic work, several large winged altars, small portriats, and allegorical genre scenes, which werre still somewhat usual at the time. He met Albrecht Düer in Antwerrp in June 1521, a meeting which had a lasting affect on him. Jan Gossaert, the teacher of Romance languages and literature, became more of an influence, and Italian elements gradually became more evident in Lucas van Leyden's work.
Liberty Style: An allover, small-scale organic (usually floral and other plant-inspired) printed or dyed patterns, characterized by highly stylized, flowing curvilinear forms and subtle, artistic tones of Art Nouveau, developed by Liberty & Co. of London.
Lichtenstein, Roy: Art Category: Painter, Printmaker. Art Movement: Pop Art.
Title: Hopeless (1963).
Liebermann, Max: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Impressionism.
Title: Biergarten.
Limmer, Andrea: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Expressionism.
Title: Gary Matter.
Materials and Technique: Cotton duck, cheesecloth, paper, silk, thread, gesso, Summinagashi, photo transfer, and machine stitched.
Line-up: An unintentional straight line formed by motifs in a horizontal, vertical, or diagonal direction.
Lipchitz, Jacques: Art Category: Sculptor. Art Movements: Cubism, African Art.
Title: Mother and Child.
Lippi, Filippi: (1408 Florence - 1489 Spoleto). He was a Camelite monk in Florence, but later left the monastery and married. He worked mainly in Florence. Between 1452 and about 1484 he produced the large cathedral frescoes in Prato, although he died before completing the frescoes he begun in Spoleto cathedral in 1487. Lippi's early work was linked to that of Masolino. From 1437 his work revealed a special beauty of line as well as a sculptural development of shape. Lippi's students included his son, Filippino Lippi, and Sandro Botticelli, among others.
Lissitzky, El: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Suprematism.
Title: Proun 4B.
Locke-Maclean, Maureen: Art Category: Fashionable Art. Art Movement: Wearable Art.
Title: Transition No.3.
Lock On (Graffiti Term): Sculpture art in a public space, typically chained to public furniture with an old bike lock. The Lock On style is a 'non destructive' form of underground art.
Logo Patterns: Patterns created from a logo. Used on stationary, fabric, and other identity items.
Long, Richard: Art Category: Constructivist. Art Movement: Earthen Artworks.
Made by walking in landscapes.
Lorenzo di Credi: (ca. 1458 Florence - 1537 Florence). He was a student of Andrea del Verocchio, under whom Leonardo de Vinci was also studying at the same time. His religious pictures and portraits are noteqworthy for their technical perfection and the sporadic Dutch influence in the coloring, although his repertoire was limited to faces and figures.
Lorrain, Claude: (1600 Chamagne, Lorraine - 1682 Rome). His real name was Claude Gellée; also known as 'Le Lorrain' - the man from Lorraine. He moved to Rome around 1613, and lived there for the rest of his life apart from the years 1625 to 1627, which he spent in France. A member of the Roman Accademia, Lorrain soon became the leading landscape artist. In contrast to Poussin's heroic interpretation of nature, he developed the lyrical, romantic style evident in his idealistic landscapes, which were bathed in golden morning or evening light.
Lotte, Lorenzo: (ca. 1480 Venice - 1558 Loreto). He was first mentioned in 1503. He was an important intermediary between the Venetian old masters and the later Baroque art of upper Italy. Much traveled, working in Treviso, Recanati, Bergamo, Venice, and Ancona, among other places. Initially his work leaned toward Bellini and Antonello de Messina, then to Giorgino, Titian, and Raphael. He developed a sensitive feeling for human expressions and the representation of moving figures, and had an unique understanding of how to reproduce marterials and colors.
Louail, Mohamed: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
No Title (1958).
Louis, Morris: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Abstract Color-Field.
Title: Where (1960).
Louis, Seraphine: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Naïve Realism.
Title: Deux grandes marguerites.
Low, Elizabeth: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Naïve Realism.
Title: Of the Seasons.
Materials and Technique: Thick and thin embroidery threads, wool. Wrapping on cardboard, knitting, embroidery.
Lowry, Laurence Stephenson: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Naïve Art.
Title: The Cart.
Loy, Abbie: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movements: Traditional Aboriginal Art - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Title: Bush Hen Dreaming (1997).
Technique: Batik on silk.
Luks, George: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Dutch Realism Re-Visited.
Title: Street Scene (Hester Street), 1905.
Luster Painting: (French: lustre means 'to shine.' Latin: lustrare means 'to make light.') Extremely thin, metallic shimmering painting on glass, faience, or porclain in different shades resulting from the particular copper or silver used. Red luster paint has been found in Egyptian sarcophagi. The luster technique was used in painting well into the 17th century.
Macpherson, Karen: Art Category: Soft Sculptor. Art Movement: Modernism.
Title: Techno Sapiens.
Materials and Techniques: Plastic discards which include perming curlers, toothbrush ends, cable ties, safety pins and round stalks.
Maestà: (Italian meaning 'majesty, throned in majesty'). Term for the strict form of representation of the Mother of God and the Christ child surrounded by angels and saints. This motif is found predominantly in Italian art of the 13th and 14th centuries.
Maillol, Aristide: Art Category: Sculptor. Art Movement: Neo-Classical.
Title: The Night (1920).
Major Key: The organization of values in a work that produces high contrast.
Malevich, Kasimir: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Suprematism.
Title: Suprematist Composition (1916).
Man, Ray: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Cubism.
Title: The Misunderstood (1938).
Manet, Edouard: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Impressionism.
Title: Boating.
Manifold, Marion: Art Category: Printmaker. Art Movement: Post Modernism.
Title: Rosy Dreams: From the verandah at Purrumbete.
Manion, Irene: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Naïve Realism.
Title: Death and transfiguration.
Materials and Techniques: Digitally developed image based on photographs and watercolors of the lorikeet. Dye sublimation print onto polyester fabric. Hand and machine embroidered using rayon threads.
Mannerism: (French maniére, meaning 'manner way.' Latin: manuarius, meaning 'of the hands). The period of art between Renaissance and Broque, approximately 1520/1530-1600. Mannerism dispenses with the ideal, harmonious shapes, proportions, and compositions developed in the Renaissance. Thus this style makes picture scenes more dynamic, and extends the human body and its representation in anatomically contradictory positions. It involves an excessive complication of compositions, an irrational and strongly theatricalized treatment of light, and a dissolution of the strict way in which light is bound to an object.
Title: Henry Howard Earl of Surrey (1546) - Mannerism.
Mantegna, Andrea: (1431 Isola di Carturo, Padua - 1506 Mantua). He was one of the defining artists of the Early Renaissance. Studied in Padua under Squarcione, where he worked indepenpendly from 1448, but spent most of his life as a court artist to the Gonzaga family in Mantua. Mentegna's works are noteworthy for the anatomical construction of the figures, the precise attention to detail, and virtuoso construction of perspective. These innovations strongly influenced his brothers-in-law Gentile and Giovanni Bellini, and were taken north of the Alps in his copper engravings.
Mantle: Clay mould around a wax model.
Maquette-bozzetto: Rough model for sculpture.
'Leap' (Balzo) - maquette for 'Out of the Abyss' (bozzetto per 'Dal Abisso.')
Maralngurra, Gabriel: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Traditional Aboriginal Art - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Barramundi.
Title: Gabriel Maralngurra and Ray Young - Barramundi.
Materials and Technique: Screen-printed cotton twill.
Marc, Franz: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Blue Rider, German Expressionism.
Title: Large Blue Horses (1911).
Marcoussis, Louis: Art Category: Painter, Etcher. Art Movements: Impressionism, Cubism.
Title: A Slice of Watermelon.
Margritte, Rene: Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: Primitive Art, Dada, Surrealism.
Title: The Mysteries of Horizon.
Marin, John: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Cubism Revisited.
Title: Maine Sea with Island.
Marouflage: Process of affixing canvas to a wall by means of a cement, traditionally white lead ground in oil.
Marquet, Albert: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Fauvism.
Married Couple (Graffiti Term): Two simultaneous whole cars painted next to each other. Some artists make fun of the term by connecting the two paintings across the car-gap often in a humoristic or obvious way to signal the marriage. (Subway cars permanently coupled and sharing a single air-compressor and electrical generator between them are technically married pairs.)
Martin, Cherilyn: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Title: Tempus Fugit #4.
Materials and Techniques: Cotton, silk organza, fusible webbing, batting. Controlled rusting with screen printing, machine stitching, burning, fusing.
Martin, John: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Romantic Landscape.
Title: The Great Day of His Wrath (ca. 1853).
Martin, Florence & Kathleen: Art Category: Wearable Art. Art Movement: Wearable Art.
Martini, Simone: (?1284 Siena - 1344 Avignon). He was the main exponent of Gothic painting in Siena and was held in high esteem around 1315. He was in the service of his hometown of Siena and of the king, Robert d'Anjou, in Naples. By 1339 he had joined the papal court in Avignon, where he met and befriended the Italian poet and scholar, Petrarch. Next to that of Giotto, his style of art, which is noted for its elegance, sensitivity, and gentle lyricism, was the most important of the 14th century, and its influence spread far beyond the borders of Italy.
Maruyama/Shijō (Japanese): School of naturalistic paintings of the Edo period, led by Kyoto painter Maruyama Okyo (1733 - 95). Matsamura Goshun (1752 - 1811) is best known as the founder of another school of naturalistic paintings called Shijō. Jointly this style is known as Maruyama/Shijō.
Okyo Pine,Bamboo,Plum.
Massacre (Graffiti Term): When municipal authorities take down or cover up an accumulation of tags and pieces, leaving a blank space.
Masson, Andre: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Surrealism.
Title: Pedestal Table in the Studio.
Massys, Quentin: (ca. 1468 Leuwen - 1530 Antwerp). He joined the Antwerrp Guild of St. Luke in 1491 as a free master. He was the first of the Dutch artist to represent man as an idependent indivual without referring to Christain iconography. He initially followed artists such as Bouts but later combined Old Dutch tradition of painting with Renaissance-like elements, and was strongly inspired by Leonardo da Vinci. Quentin Massys occassionally collaborated with the landscape artist Joachin Patenir.
Mathieu, Georges: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Matisse, Henri: Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: Expressionism, Fauves.
Title: Red Room (Harmony in Red) (1908).
Matrix Formatting Screen Printing (MFSP): This technique was developed by Marie-Therese Wisniowski. It involves creating a number of images that are then spliced together to form a matrix. The base unit is overlaid by the components of the matrix during the screen printing process. This gives the works an underlying symmetry, which projects a real sense of vibrancy.
Matta, Roberto: Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: Surrealism, Abstract Expressionism.
Title: Pecador Justificado (1952).
Matte: Having a dull, almost non-reflective surface; the opposite of glossy. Matte varnishes protect a painting without glossiness.
Max, Ernst: Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: German Expressionism, Dada, Surrealism.
Title: Attirement of the Bride.
Mayo, Rebecca: Art Category: Printmaker, Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Realism.
Title: Henrietta (1851 – 1921).
McCavour, Amanda: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Super-spiro-scribble Density Test (2010). Top Image: Detail. Bottom Image: Work in situ.
McGavin Smith, Helen: Art Category: Fashion Art. Art Movement: Wearable Art.
Title: Caged and Endangered.
The organically friendly ensemble is hand dyed, knitted, crotched and fuelled from wool, mohair and mercerised cotton.
McKernan, Shirley: Art Category: Fashion Art. Art Movement: Wearable Art.
Title: Rouge.
Materials and Techniques: One ply pure wool yarn and one ply silk/stainless steel yarn. Hand knitting and felting.
McLoughlin, Paula: Art Category: Printmaker. Art Movement: Silhouette Art.
Title: Sweaty Little Tragedies Part 1.
Medallion: A circular part of the design in the shape of a disk, oval, diamond, hexagon, or other rotational figure, typically with a mirror symmetry, often used in the center as a focal point of an engineered design, or as an organic part of the motif.
Details of a large piece of material decorated with hippocampi (senmurv), elephants and winged horses in contiguous medallions. Spanish.
Meisho-ki (Records of Famous Places - Japanese): Illustrated guides of famous places published for travelers and pilgrims.
Kyoto Meisho Ki (Account of Kyoto's Scenic Spots).
Meissonier, Ernest: (1815 Lyon - 1891 Paris)> He was one of the leading Salon painters of his time. He was trained in Paris and exhibited regularly at the Salon from 1834 onward. He traveled to Italy in 1859, 1860, and 1870, and became a member of the Académie de Beaux-Arts in 1861. He and Purvis de Chavannes founded the Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts in 1890. Meissonier initally produced miniature genre paintings, and later portraits and rerpresentations of France's war history.
Meléndez, Luis: (1716 Naples - 1780 Madrid). He is widely regarded as one of the leading Spanish still-life artists of the 18th century. He had an Italian mother and a Spanish father. The family moved to Spain in 1717, where Meléndez later worked as a miniaturist, like his father before him. He became known for his still lifes when commissioned to produce a sequence of 44 paintings for the castle at Aranjuez, which he did between 1760 and 1773.
Luis Meléndez, Self-portrait with a Nude study (1746).
Musée du Louvre.
Memling, Hans: (ca. 1435 Seligenstadt am Main - 1494 Bruges). He originally came from the Middle Rhine region; there is evidence of his presencee in Brussels in 1485. In Bruges from 1486. He started with the art of Weyden and Bouts, and found his own style around 1470. This is noted for its opulent colorfulness, the grace of the figures, and carefully observed details. Memling varied the details widely and combined them to create a calmly ordered unit. In his later works he included elements from the Italian Early Renaissance.
Menhir: A single, uncut, prehistoric megalith.
Meryon, Charles: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: French Realism.
Title: Abside de Notre Dame.
Mesli, Choukri: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Post Modernism.
Title: Femme Scorpion (1967
).
Metlicovitz, Leopoldo: Art Category: Art Posters. Art Movement: Belle Époque poster art.
Title: Madama Butterfly (1890s).
Technique: Color lithograph.
Size: 141.6 x 100.4 cm.
Metzinger, Jean: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Cubism.
Title: Paysage (Landscape) (1912).
Mew, Olivia: Art Category: Surface Designer. Art Movement: Floral.
Title: Morris Floral (2012).
Mezzotint: Engraving process producing tonal effects.
Michel, Georges: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: French Landscape.
Title: Storm.
Michelangelo, Buonarroti: (1475 Caprese, Tuscany - 1465 Rome). He was born Michelangiolo di Ludovico di Lionardo di Buonarroti Simoni. He was an imposing figure in Western Art. In Florence, he worked mainly for Lorenzo dé Medici, which inspired him to study Antiquity and philosophy. He was associated with the Vatican in Rome for a long time and in 1535 was appointed senior architect, sculptor and painter. Michelangelo developed entirely new forms of expression in his art and produced independent spiritual creations of high sculptural intensity.
Mie (Japanese): A dramatic pose in aragoto style Kabuki.
Torii Kiyomasu_- Ishikawa Dianjuro II in Shibaraku - dramatic pose.
Millefleurs: French for thousand flowers. A flower-studded pattern with naturalistically depicted flowers, originally used on medieval pictorial tapestries.
The birds and animals at inconsistent scales are a feature of the style of this tapestry.
Millet, Jean-Francois: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: French Realism.
Title: The Gleaners.
Mimesis: The Greek word for imitation or reproduction; the theory generally attributed to Aristotle that art is the imitation of human beings in action.
In Greek and Roman times, art (and the ideals of beauty it contained) was mimetic: that is, intended to mimic and replicate nature.
Mimi: Aboriginal spirit figures that appear depicted on rock walls of Western Arnhem land (Australia) and Kakadu. Also refers to a style of Aboriginal painting which incorporates images of these spirits.
Description: Magic Mimi.
Minimal Art: Abstract style using geometric shapes and primary colors.
Artist: Carl Andre (1968).
Minimalism: A style of non-representational art that restricts itself to a very few visual elements organized as simply as possible.
Artist: Piet Mondrian (1872-1944).
Minoan Art: Stone, Copper, and Bronze Age art on Crete. The term was coined by archeologist Arthur John Evans (1851-1941) after the legendary King Minos. From the stratigraphic finds in Knossos, Minoan Art (ca. 2700-1100 B.C) was divided into three main periods (early, middle, and late Minoan), each of which consists of three phases (I,II and III). Egyptian vases, small sculptures, and scarabs found with the Crean objects were used to establish an absolute chronology. The sparse finds of the so-called First Palace Period (ca. 2000-1700 B.C.) did not present any sort of continuous picture, and investigations and descriptions of Minoan art were based largely on finds from the Second Palace Period (ca. 1700-1400 B.C.), which was when Crete peaked economically, politically, and culturally. Palace architecture in Knossos, Phaestos, Malia, and Agia Triada, unfortified and some with wall paintings of great artistic significance, from economic centers of this peaceful culture with its highly developed knowledge and understanding of technology. Ceremics peaked in the late Minoan period I (ca. 1580-1480 B.C.), in which the lack of any form of human representation is a key feature of the so-called floral and sea styles; preferred shapes are the arched pot and funnel-shaped contianers.
Miny'tji: Painted Aboriginal clan patterns or design in Central and North-Eastern Arnhem land (Australia).
Dhalwangu miny'tji.
Miro, Joan: Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: Cubism, Dada, Surrealism, Biomorphic Forms.
Title: The Smile of the Flamboyant Wings.
Miso: Art Category: Paste-up artist; Painter, Drawer. Art Movements: Russian Constructivism; Street Art.
Title and Materials: Untitled. Pencil on paper.
Mitate (Japanese): A parody of respected themes.
Mitakiki, Mona: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Traditional Aboriginal Art - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Untitled.
Material and Technique: Cotton batik.
Mobile: Abstract construction with part that move when pushed or blown.
Title and Technique: Hanging Mobile. Kinetic Art.
Modeling: In sculpture, the direct forming of materials such as wax, clay, wood, stone. In painting, the creation of more-or-less sculpture illusions.
Artist and Title: Rodin; Carrie Belles
Modernism: Successive late nineteenth-century and twentieth century movements that have broken with the past in search of new forms of expressions.
Artist, Title and Technique: Oscar Bluemner, Form and Light, Motif in West New Jersey (1914). American Modernism.
Modern Movement: A late nineteenth-century and early twentieth century tendency in architecture and design. Often characterized by the use of rectilinear forms and abstract motifs, it was frequently associated with an intention of mechanized mass-production.
Le Corbusier's Villa Savoye.
Modersohn-Becker, Paula: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: German Expressionism.
Title: Self-portrait by Paula Modersohn-Becker.
Modigliani, Amedeo: Art Category: Painter, Sculptor. Art Movements: Post Impressionism, Modernism.
Title: Patronage of Leopold Zborowski.
Moholy-Nagy, Ladislaus: Art Category: Painter, Constructivist. Art Movements: Suprematism, Kinetic Sculpture.
Title: The Shape of Things to Come.
Moire: Ripples, wavy lines, and similar effects produced by superposition of two or more simpler patterns, for example, two sets of lines.
Moire circles.
Mon (Japanese): Family crest.
A Japanese family crest.
Mondrian, Piet: (1872-1944) Dutch abstract painter who limited himself to rectangular forms and few colors. Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: de Stijl.
Title: Pier and Ocean (full view).
Monet, Claude: (1840 Paris - 1928 Giverny). Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Impressionism.
Title: Water Lily Pond Water Irises.
He grew up in Le Havre, where Boudin inspired him to try plein-air painting. Studied at the Académie Suisse in Paris from 1859, where he met Pissaro, and at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts. Like that of Bazille, Renoir, and Sisley, his work was mainly of nature. In London during the war years of 1870/71, he saw Turner's work. He lived in Argenteuil from 1872 to 1878, then in Vétheuil, Possy near Paris and from 1883 in Giverny. Monet's oeuvre is the very embodiment of Impressionism.
Montage: Assembling portions of several images to form a single original. In other words, a method of composition in photography, cinema and television; the technique of combining imagery from various sources to create a unified visual presentation; film editing; superimposition, intercutting, overlapping etc.
Photo montage - Brothers.
Monumentality: The combined quality of dignity, grandeur, and impressiveness, especially in architecture and sculpture, regardless of actual size.
Monumental Sculpture.
Moore, Henry: Art Category: Sculptor. Art Movement: Primitive Art.
Recumbent Figure (1938).
Mop (Graffiti Term): A type of homemade graffiti marker used for larger tags that often has a round nib and leaves a fat, drippy line. Mops may be filled with various inks or paints.
Mor van Dashorst, Anthonis: (1519 Utrecht - 1575 Antwerp). There is evidence that he was working as an indpendent artist and a citizen of Utrecht in 1548. He moved to Antwerp in 1547 after visting Italy. In 1549 he entered into the service of Anton Perrenot de Granvella, the bishop of Arras, who introduced Mor to the courts of the Habsburgs in the Netherlands and Spain. Mor traveled widely and painted most of the rulers of his day before finally settling in Antwerp in 1568.
Moreau, Gustave: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Symbolism.
The Sacred Elephant (Péri) (1885).
Morgan, Leslie: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Abstract Expressionism.
Unknown (detailed view).
Morisot, Berthe Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Impressionism.
Title: Summer Day (1879).
Morley, Malcolm: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Superrealism.
Title: Blue Boyz.
Morrissey, Gerard: Art Category: Film Maker, Printmaker. Art Movement: Realism.
Title: Out of the Whitey (video).
Mosaic: A surface decoration or picture made with pieces of colored glass, stone or ceramic (called Tesserae) set into cement or mastic; typical of a wall, apse and dome decoration of Byzantine churches.
Nebula Chroma mosaic installation by Sonia King Mosaic Artist.
Motherwell, Robert: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Abstract Expressionism.
Title: Mexican Night.
Motif: One or many distinctive and recurring elements, forms, shapes, or figures that make up a design.
Floral Flourish Motif.
Motion Tagging (Graffiti Term): Writing on subway cars while they are in service. Also referred to as 'Motioning.'
MTA (Graffiti Term): Mad Transit Artists Bronx crew from the late 1970s led by CHINO MALO and REE aka OPEL.
Mucha: Art Category: Printmaker. Art Movement: Art Nouveau.
Title: Automne, panneau (ca. 1900).
Muddle, Gloria: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Abstract Expressionism.
Title: Coastal Sea Glass.
Materials and Techniques: Frosted glass mounted onto foam core board, painted and sealed with acrylic sealer. Background painted with acrylic paint onto cotton, free machined with some hand sewing.
Mueller, Otto: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: German Expressionism.
Title: Drei Mädchen im Profil (ca. 1918).
MultiSperse Dye Sublimation (MSDS): Developed by Marie-Therese Wisniowski, the MSDS technique employs disperse dyes and involves hand printing multiple resists and multiple overprinted layers employing numerous color plates, mixed media and low relief plant materials. The completed works are rich in color, light, shade, contrast, movement and depth. The multiple layers also imbue a painterly aesthetic and textural, three-dimensional quality to the finished ArtCloth works. Each print is unique and cannot be replicated.
Artist and Technique: Marie-Therese Wisniowski's ArtCloth work employing the MSDS technique - Flames Unfurling.
Munch, Edvard: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: German Expressionism.
Title: The Scream (1893).
Munnich, Hermy: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Traditional Aboriginal Art - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Untitled.
Materials and Technique: Marbled silk produced by taking a "print" from fabric paints floated on a corraghen gum bath.
Mural: Any large wall painting. See Fresco.
Artist, Technique and Title: Marie-Therese Wisniowski's ArtCloth mural - Wangi’s Djirang.
Mural (Graffiti Term): See piece.'
Murillo, Bartolomé Esteban: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Baroque.
Title: Crucifixion.
He was Spain most famous Broque artist. He worked mainly in Seville and was one of the founders of an academy of art there in 1660. At the start of his career he received important encouragement from Zurbaran and Ribera. Around 1650 he modeled his painting on van Dyck, Rubens and Raphael. Murillo developed an airy style, the 'estilo vaporoso,' in his religious paintings and genre scenes, with gentle contours, warm, gently shaded colors, and a gold or silver sheen.
Musha-e (Japanese): Warrior picture.
Utagawa Kunisada )Toyokxuni III) musha-e (warrior prints).
Musoma, Charity vd Meer: Art Category: Wearable Artist. Art Movement: Wearable Art.
Title: Stormy Weather (2009).
Materials and Techniques: Wool, silk; nuno techniques.
Size: 38 cm.
Nadar, Felix: Art Category: Photographer. Art Movement: French Realism.
Title: Self Portrait in American Indian Costume (French, Paris 1820–1910).
Nagasaki-e (Nagasaki Pictures - Japanese): Souvenir prints made at Nagasaki which primarily represents foreigners.
Nagasaki-e scroll.
Naïve Art: The art of untrained or self-taught artists; the art of preliterate peoples. See Primitive Art.
Artist and Title: Henri Rousseau's - The Repast of the Lion (ca. 1907). It is an example of naïve art.
Namatjira, Albert Art Category: Water Colorist. Art Movement: Australian Landscapes.
Description: Valley Ghost Gums, McDonnell Ranges (full view).
Nanga (or Bunjinga - Japanese): A style of painting drawn from the literati tradition in China.
Title: Spring Landscape.
Japanese Painting: Nanga and Bunging School.
Napaltjarri, Tjunkiya: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movements: Traditional Aboriginal Art - Symbolism?Environmental Art.
Untitled.
Materials and Techniques: Batik On Cotton (Kintyre, Australia).
Nash, Dominie: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Abstract Expressionism.
Title: Foliated Calligraphy 2.
Naturalism: The doctrine that art should consist of exact transcription of visual appearances.
Artist, Title and Category: Adolf Schreyer : Wallachian Blizzard. An example of Naturalism Art.
Naturalistic: A design with realistic depictions of organic or non-organic forms.
Tessellations - Josiah Wedgwood and Sons Ltd - naturalistic floral design.
Neats: A neat is an allover, small-scaled, spaced pattern with floral or geometric motifs usually printed in one or two colors on a white or colored ground. Inexpensive to produce and economical for dressmaking.
Negative Space: The area between motifs in a layout.
Two profiles or a vase? Negative space in art.
Neo-Baroque: Also known as New Baroque. A historicizing style reflecting Baroque, most popular during the sceond half of the 19th century. The French Neo-Baroque had the maxiumm international effect. It also contained style elements of the Italian-French Early Renaissance and became one of the state styles in the Second Empire under Naspoleon III. Other key examples: Louis Visconti's (1791-1853) and Hectr Lefuel's (1810-1880) extensions to the Louvre, and Théodore Ballu's (1817-1885) to the La Trinité church (1863-1867).
Neoclassical Style: Also known as new classicism. A term used in northwestern European countries to denote a movement of Western art that was based on Antiquity. Also used to describe historicizing 20th-century architecture trends involving the reappearance of colossal arrangements of pillars. Examplles are from National-Socialist Germany (e.g., the Haus der Kunst in Munich) and Facist Italy (e.g., Milan's main railroad station) and the 1930s architecture of France (e.g., the Musée d'Art Moderne, Paris, 1937). It therefore drew (with varying degrees of accuracy) on the forms and motifs of Greek and Roman antiquity.
Description: Portrait of Charles Joseph Crowle by Batoni.
Neo-Gothic Style: The name given to various revivals in architecture and design in Europe and the USA, from mid eighteenth century onwards, of medieval forms and decorative motifs. It was associated in mid nineteenth century Europe particularly with the work of architects such as A.W.N. Pugin and E. Viollet-Le-Duc.
Gothic façade of the Parliament de Rouen in France, built between 1499 and 1508, which later inspired Neo-gothic revival in architecture in the 19th Century.
Neolithic: Also Stone Age; starting about 10,000 or 8,000 BC; beginnings of settled living; farming, animal husbandry, spinning, weaving and fired pottery.
Rimini neolithic vase.
Neo-Plasticism: A twentieth century style of painting, mainly associated with Piet Mondrian and the De Stijl group in Holland; characterized by limited palette (black, white and primaries) and restriction to absolutely vertical and horizontal forms.
NeoPlasticism was seen by most art historians as an evolution in Abstract art.
Note: Inspired by Mondrian.
Neo-Renaissance Style: The name given to mid- to late nineteenth century rivals, in architecture and design, of Italian and French styles of the sixteenth century and of English Tudor and Jacobean styles.
A large Neo Renaissance style stained glass window.
Newman, Barnett: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Abstract Color-Field.
Title: Dionysius.
New School (Graffiti Term): Contemporary writing culture (post 1984). This date can vary greatly depending upon who you ask.
Ngal, Gloria: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movements: Traditional Aboriginal Art - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Title: Road Map, Utopia (1989).
Materials and Techniques: Batik on silk.
Niati, Houria: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Post Modernism.
Title: No To Torture (1982).
Nicer (tag): Art Category: Muralist. Art Movement: Street Art.
A single red rose was chosen for Jessica’s mural, a twenty-one year old, shot by a bullet intended for her boyfriend.
Nicholson, Ben: Art Category: Painter, Sculptor. Art Movement: Geometrical Reliefs.
Title: Still Life (1934-6).
Nihonga (Japanese-Style Painting): A Meiji-period and later style based in traditional Japanese painting which employed ink and watercolor on silk and paper.
Nihonga - Japanese-style painting.
Nihon Bijutsuin: Japanese Art Institute.
Maeda Seison and the Nihon Bijutsuin (Japan Art Institute).
Nishiki-e (Brocade Pictures - Japanese): Prints which employ multiple color blocks.
Tsukioka Yoshitoshi: New Selection of Eastern Brocade Pictures.
Nitten (Japanese): Abbreviation for 'Nihon bijutsu tenrankai', meaning Japanese Art Exhibition.
Caged Japanese Art Yamasaki Ryazan, 1961 Nitten Exhibition, Lacquer Screen with Perch.
Nolan, Sydney: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Expressionist Surrealism.
Title: Ned Kelly (1946).
Noland, Kenneth: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Minimalism.
Title and Movment: Remembering. Abstract Color Field.
Nolde, Emil Hansen: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Fauves.
Title: Large Sunflower and Clematis.
Non-directional: A pattern that looks the same from any direction. Same as undirectional pattern. The opposite is a directional pattern.
Liberty Style. Non-directional (Unidirectional) Pattern.
Non-Objective Art: Literally, art without objects, wholly non-representational art; an art whose images have no obvious models in physical reality. Should not be confused with abstract art.
Title and Technique: Bifurcation. Non objective art.
Ōban: A large print size measuring 15 x 10.25 inches (38 x 26 cm).
1835 Print featuring the photograph Kuniyoshi: Ōban Print by Granger.
Object Print: Another term for a conversational pattern.
Fish - Conversational Pattern Design.
Ogee: An onion-shaped motif.
Ogee: An onion-shaped motif. An arch formed by two S-shaped.
Oiran (Japanese): See tayu.
Vintage Japanese Oiran Lacquered Kushi. Prodigious Courtesan Hair Comb (1900).
O’Keeffe, George: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Abstract Expressionism.
Title: Lake George, Autumn.
Ōkubi-e (Japanese): Large-head pictures.
Ōkubi-e of kabuki actor Matsumoto Kōshirō.
Old School (Graffiti Term): The writing culture prior to 1984. This date can vary greatly depending upon who you ask.
O’Leary, Catherine: Art Category: Wearable Artist. Art Movement: Wearable Art.
Untitled (2009).
Materials and Techniques: Merino wool fleece silk; wet felted, nuno technique, stitched.
Size: 88 x 65 cm.
Oldenburg, Claes: Art Category: Sculpture. Art Movement: Pop Art.
Olitski, Jules: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Minimalism.
Title: With Love and Disregard: Zeus (2002).
Olson, Kimber: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Title: Mid-Winter Thaw.
Materials and Techniques: Disperse dye, polyester, Peltex, thread, bronze wool, stitching, burning.
Ombre: A shaded effect with gradual changes from dark to light in value, and open to closed in coverage.
Ombre background.
O'Meara, Kristi: Art Category: Surface Designer. Art Movement: Geometric.
Title: Thermal Rings (2013).
One-directional: A directional pattern that has a distinct top and bottom. Often used in floral, scenic, and figurative designs. See also one-way layout. A typical example is the one-directional allover pattern.
Ethnic Design - One-directional Pattern.
One-Liner (Graffiti Term): A tag, throwie, or bomb written in one constant motion. These may be done with any writing utenzil. The tip or nozzle of the writing implement does not lift from the canvas until the tag is complete.
One-way Layout: A design in which all motifs are oriented the same way. See also one-directional pattern.
One-way Layout.
Onus, Linus Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Naïve Realism.
Title: Fish and Lillies (1987).
Op Art: A style of painting which creates disorienting effects by juxtaposing vibrating colors, after-images, perspectival illusions and subtle, progressive changes of repeated shapes.
Title: Blue Sun.
Open-air Painting: (Also known as plein-air painting). Painting outside under the open sky as opposed to painting in a studio, the idea being to capture realistically the natural features of a landscape and its moods. Following the example of English landscape artists such as John Constable (1776-1837) and Richard Parkes Bonington (1801-1828), in the mid-1900s, French artists, including members of the Barbizon School, began to paint in the open air.
Opus Tessellatum: A mosaic technique using relatively large tesserae.
Mosaic floor opus tessellated.
Opus Vermiculatum: A Hellenistic mosaic technique associated with Sophilos employing tesserae of cut stone, glass, and faience.
Cats and Ducks - Opus vermiculatum.
Organic: A design inspired by, based on, or composed of plants or a matter of animal origin. Contrast to geometric.
Swirls organic design.
Orihon (Flooding Book - Japanese): Concertina or accordian book.
Here's a picture of an orison.
Orientalizing Period: Period in Greek Art from ca. 700 to ca. 600 BC, when Eastern influences were introduced to the Phoenicians and Syrians.
675-650 BC Mantiklos Apollo, statuette of a youth dedicated by Mantiklos to Apollo, ca. 700-675 BC, bronze. Orientalizing Period.
Origami: The art of folding paper into decorative shapes and designs.
A wonderful origami showing a swan.
Orozco, Hose Clemente: Art Category: Muralist. Art Movement: European Barque Style.
Catharsis.
Orphists: A school of abstract painters in Paris about 1912, grouped around Robert and Sonia Delaunay, combining Cubist form with vivid, bright colors.
Orphism, Robert Delaunay.
Otte, Benita: Art Category: Weaver. Art Movement: Bauhaus.
Wall Hanging.
Outline (Graffiti Term): The skeleton or frame work of a piece FINAL OUTLINE: After fill-in and designs have been applied the outline is re-executed to define the letters.
Overall: A layout in which motifs are fairly close and evenly distributed as opposed to stripes, borders, plaids, and engineered designs. Another term is allover.
Oyague Jr.,Alfredo 'Per': Art Category: Muralist. Art Movement: Street Art.
An advertisement for the United Martial Arts School in the Bronx also doubles as an anti-drug mural. Artists: Alfredo 'Per' Oyague Jr. and Joey 'Serve' Vega.
Ozenfant, Amedee: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Purism.
Title: Le pichet blanc (1926).
Packed: A layout in which the motifs are placed close together.
Packed Motifs.
Paco (tag): Art Category: Muralist. Art Movement: Street Art.
Paco’s graveyard mural in Brooklyn’s East New York.
Paint: A viscous liquid made for covering surfaces. Its essential constituent parts are: (i) a pigment; (ii) a vehicle. It can also contain additives to improve or alter its properties; anti-fungicides to inhibit growth of molds; granules to make it easy to apply by brush; substances to hasten its drying; an extender such s chalk to supplement the pigment.
Paint-Eater (Graffiti Term): An unprimed surface such as raw wood or concrete that eats up standard spray paint. If a location has been given the reputation of being a "paint eater" than in such cases a thicker paint should be obtained and executed. Additionally, writers can use house paint to prime the surface before painting.
Painters Tape: Low-tack masking tape.
Painters Touch (Graffiti Term): A brand by Rust-Oleum that is favored for quality and general availability.
Paint Quality: One of the desirable visual attributes of a finished painting; the term does not refer to good or bad ingredients rather to its intrinsic material beauty or its successful surface effects.
Paisley: A stylized teardrop-shaped design that originally appeared on kashmir shawls mass-produced in Paisley, Scotland.
Paisley Pattern.
Pala: (Italian meaning table). Altar picture or decoration, either sculpted or painted.
Paleolithic: Also Old Stone Age; from 32,000 BC to about 8,000 BC; the period of cave dwellers who employed tools of stone and bone and lived mainly by hunting and gathering.
Palaeolithic Art.
Palethorpe, Jan: Art Category: Printmaker. Art Movement: Expressionism.
Title: Synemon Plana (golden sun moth).
Palette: A particular range, quality selection or use of colors; also, surface on which to place colors. Also, the tin panel (often with thumb hole) on which a painter mixes pigments; also the colors usually employed by an artists.
Palette Knife: Knife with flexible steel blade and no cutting edge. Used to mix colors, apply thick paint, papier mache or other soft materials used in arts and crafts.
Palmette: A classical motif based on a stylized radiating, fan-shaped palm leaf commonly found in Greek, Egyptian, Assyrian, and other ancient art. Also Anthemion.
Palmette.
Panel Piece (Graffiti Term): A painting below the windows and between the doors of a subway car.
Paolozzi, Eduardo: Art Category: Printmaker, Sculptor. Art Movement: British Pop Art.
Title: Real Gold (1949).
Papier-Mâché: A sculptural material made of pulped paper or strips of paper mixed with paste; can be pressed, moulded or modeled when moist; dries hard.
Title: Dog With Stick. Nancy Winn Papier-Mâché Sculpture.
Papyrus: (From the Greek papyros, probably originating from an Egyptian expression meaning 'that of the Pharoh.') Vast number of paprrus plants grew in Antiquity around the Nile delta; used for a wide range of crafts (mats, baskets, architecture, boats, sandals etc.), but also for cult purposes (sacrifices). Because of its highly symbolic value (freshness, fertility, regeneration), it became a design model for architectural forms and cult objects. However, it achieved its greatest significance when its pulp was processed to produce the writing material papyrus; known since the 1st dynasty (ca. 3000 B.C.).
Parallel: Two lines that are perfectly aligned to each other in order that they can never cross.
Parmigianino, Francesco Mazzola: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Mannerism.
Title: Portrait of Francesco Mazola.
Paschke, Teresa: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Abstract Expressionism.
Title: EAH 2.
Materials and Technique: Digital photography, wide-format ink-jet printing on cotton canvas with hand painting and embroidery.
Pastel: Drawing or sketch in delicate colors made by using chalky crayon.
Old church in the red heart of Australia. Pastel painting by Sian Butler.
Paste Modernism 4: Curated by Ben Frost and presented in partnership with aMBUSH Gallery, Paste Modernism launches its fourth incarnation. The exhibition featured the wheat-pasted paper creations of over 500 artists from across the globe, plastered to every available inch of aMBUSH Gallery’s wall space in a multicoloured onslaught of digital reproductions, hand-painted posters and textual works that explore the social and political concerns of modernity.
Title: College 9 (detailed view) @ Paste Modernism 4 Exhibition.
Paste-Up: ”Paste-Up” is an ever-expanding and innovative form of street art that involves an artist making their work onto varying sizes of paper and then applying it to walls and surfaces within their urban environment using wheat paste or wall paper glue.
“Collaged, layered, torn, worn Graffiti poster creating exciting compositions and juxtapositions of colors and fragments that have the power of carefully crafted collages”. David Robinson in, Soho Walls, Beyond Graffiti. Artist Unknown.
Paste-Up Artists The artist below participated in Paste Modernism 4 (Exhibition in Sydney).
Felipe Pantone, Ben Eine, Pure Evil, Anthony Lister, Buff Monster, Reka, Copyright, Gemma Compton, Bigfoot, Greg Mike, Taylor White, Twoone, Nosego, Ha-Ha, My Dog Sighs, Jeremyville, Smc3, Bridge Stehli, Remi Rough, Makatron, Skull Cap, Cezar Brandao, George Rose, Sam Octigan, Neko, Dev, Unwell Bunny, Sean Morris, Skount, Carl Morgan, Mue Bon, Beastman, Numskull, Chris Cunningham, Thomas Brothers, Kentaro Yoshida, Bafcat, Carley Cornellison, Alex Lehours, Jeroen Huijbregts, William Nghiem, Rj, Pike, Apeseven, Heesco, Drew Funk, Skulk, Bei Badgirl, Phoenix, The Black Math, M-Lon, Grizzle, Tenderloin Television, Shiroi Usagi, Rebecca Murphy, Fezwitch, Eamon Donnelly, Uno, Jumbo, Zap, Mandy Salter, Fena Cartes, Gimiks Born, Benjamin Reeve, Edgarr, Pipsqueak Was Here, Melissa Grisancich, Krispe, Bunkwaa, Jeremy Austin, Mike Chavez, Fuzeillear, Denial, Mini Graff, Lady Millard, Galo, Skel, Dave Faint, Yolkk, Chow Monstro, Pigeon Boy, Camo, Murrz, Karen Farmer, 1337, Astro, Olive 47, Mats?!, Adrian Doyle, Aaron Craig, Ben Frost, Mad One, The Cloud Artist, Creon, Michael Cain, Nixi Killick, Toggles, D.R.A, Nico Nicosen, Redneck, M-Lon, Sam Silverstone, Konsumeterra, Simon Lovelace, Sebastien Fougere, Jodee Knowles, Lusid Art, Tom Dub, Mr. French, Damian Lewis, Ham, Sprinkles, Hermes Berrio, Jorge Catoni, Danielle Catte, Alias, Love Ariel, Zeke's Lunchbox, Rel 'Terhor' Pham, Ayash Laras, Marly, Shane O'Driscoll, Tom Lukacs, Thomas C Chung, Brent Zittel, Rise Ape, Matthew Blanch, Sean Breasley, Jiggy Jiggster, Kubi Vasak, Alvaro Tapia Hidalgo, Teens On Acid, Mathieu Codel Delcroix, Stephen Gregory, Ryan Ady Putra, Sharks Patrol These Waters, Goya Torres, Graham Wilson, Saffaa, 1dirlust, Dion Parker, Guesswho, Gnomes, Barek, Cen, Quirky Bones, Tim Andrew, Ms Browns Lounge, Maria Yanovsky, Awol Monk, Adrian Teem Repeti, Paul Carruthers, Ladyj Adams, Anthony Jigalin, Mod Cardenas, Joel Lambeth, Baby Guerilla, J. Bourbon, Asia, Mike Francis, Glenn Smith, Gina Monaco, Neil Edwards, Ian Henna, Shu/Monstery And Me, Vars One, Felix, Dboe, Rujunko Pugh, Trait, Taxi66, Mr Manok, Houl, John Doe, Butcha, Cohen Gum, Jrb, Sancho, Lisa Pham, The Havoc Plan, Buttons, Mike Watt, Mini, Drg, Bec Todd, Sloe Motion, Johann Busen, Sandra Veljanovski, Rob Collinet, The Infamous Dogfight, Black Cat, Elle Santarelli, Gabriel Mello, 23rd Key, Monica Renaud, Bk Dieci, Noiq, Naomi Chilcott, Nina Bric, Matthew Hurley, Benjamin Coombs, Vort, Conor Crawford, Steve Wilson, Mr Draws, Luke Haggart, Ted Tuesday, Alice Lazarus, Bareface, Carrie Toumsook, Gabriel Rojashruska, Reda El Mraki, Miguel Nightmares, Luv(Sic), Daniel Muscat, Cote Escriva, Eli Flanagan, Dyusuv, Jeremy Thompson, Satria Utama, Psyco, Paper Yacht Club, Blo, Blah Paradise, Hules, Crisis, Alex Latham, Styna, Jeffrey Hamilton, Erin Smith, Burg Art, Ashley New, Masonrie, Seff Mudge, Viola Nazario, Bad Data, Never A Sir, Lyndsey Murray, Alisha Hinds, Pauline Welsh, Matthew Bourne, Tim Fry, Ought, Von Bearsinger, Dame Dismember, Rawz86, Buni, Calm, Nick Hinder, Y_T, Lachlan Knight Phillips, Princess Margaret Rose, Pieces Of Mayhem, Ox King, Caitlin Doyle, Teboni Carlisle, Cara Diffey, Nikolaus Dolman, Vink, Felicity Wrangles, Ben Nicholls, Connor Crawford, Ian Andrew, Just Edit, James Stuckey, Point108, Pierrot Sant'ana, Grace Garcia, Kreweduzoo, Irmano, Ricky Kuruppu, Lard Art, Johnny Draco, Crummy Gummy, Nikolaus Dolman, Hvy Blk, Aimee Young, Carmen Doecke, Nicanor Aquino, Joe Flores, Kurt Eidsvig, Matt Dowman, Machine Gun Dev, Scruffy Unicorn, Super8, Zropro, Paul Rogers, Brandon Hall, Seth Tarrant, Jenna Yona Bloom, Simanion, Nicholas John, Serf, Campbell La Pun, Sofia Fitzpatrick, Launa Winship, Luisa Cester, Liam Snootle, Guzziboy, Kolt75, Kirsty Kat, Albert Avila Comacho, Najzil Layin, Nico, Astral Twins, Bernstah, Felix Gerber, Steen, Pheelix, Axolotl, 2171, Christina Di Bona, Zennie McLoughlin. 085c3n3, Mie Nakazawa, Crow Jane, Violet Arthi, Jensen, Yasmin Breeze, Clout, Ben Rider.
Pastoral: Painting that portrays real life, often in an idealized way.
Title:Desert Landscapes.
Artist: Australian landscape artists - Albert Namatjira.
Patch (Graffiti Term): A tag that has been rubbed out by being painted over usually by gray paint or 'patched' over.
Patchwork: A pattern simulating a pieced-together effect of different design elements.
Patchwork quilt with flowers and swans.
Patenir, Joachim: (ca. 1475/1480 Dinant or Bouvignes - 1524 Antwerp). He wwas also known as Patini(e)r. He joined the Antwerp Guild of St. Luke as a master in 1515. Albrecht Dürer, whom he met in 1520/21, describe him as a 'good painter of landscapes.' In line with Hieronymus Bosch and Gerad David, he painted religious historical pictures with extensive landscapes. These scenes, which often also contained bizarre rock and cliff formations, were an important contribution to the development of landscape paintings in its own right.
Pattern: A design for decorating a surface composed of a number of elements (motifs) arranged in a regular or formal manner. Often refers to "repeat pattern."
A repeat pattern based on the wing of a butterfly.
Pattern Classifications: Ways to group (classify) patterns according to their traits, such as: symmetry (for example, seventeen planar symmetry types); layout type (diamond, drop, gradation, grid, spot, etc.); layout arrangement (allover, foulard, etc.); pattern directions (one-way, two-way, unidirectional, etc.); motif or subject matter (florals, geometrics, paisleys, conversational, abstract, plaid, stripe, etc.; florals can be further subdivided into roses, palette (botanical or stylized), etc.; conversational can be subdivided into pictorials, figurative, etc.; geometrics into line patterns, argyle, etc.); production technique used or imitated (watercolour, airbrush, hound's tooth weaving, herringbone, chevron, satin, pilotage, eccentrics, batik, etc.); repeating on the infinite plane or designed to fit a specific shape (engineered); purpose or application (apparel, home furnishing, camouflage, etc.); scale (small-scale for contract design or large-scale for home furnishing); target garment or accessory (rugs, bandanna, neckwear, etc.); coloring (madders, khaki, etc.); historic period, art movement, or place of origin (Art Deco, Art Nouveau, Liberty style, Pop Art, Toile De Jouy, Herati, Tartan, ethnic (Indian, African tribal, Maya, etc.), contemporary, etc.) These classifications are not mutually exclusive and patterns are frequently described as belonging to more than one class; for example, an abstract unidirectional allover madder camouflage pattern, which has the simple shift symmetry and the half-drop layout.
Foulard pattern.
Patterned Ground: A background (ground) that is in itself a pattern. Often consists of stripes, plaids, dots, zigzags, and other small geometric elements or textures, but can also contain flowers and more complex motifs.
Dotted powder blue patterned ground fabric (1960s).
Paysage: Landscape, rural scene.
Paysage.
Pechstein, Max: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: German Expressionism.
Title: At the Lake.
Peintre-Graveur: (French meaning - 'painter-engraver.') Original printmaker, in contradistinction to a professional, reproductive printmaker.
Peintre-Graveur.
Pentimento (repentance): Obliterated painting subsequently revealed by reason of the overpainting's becoming transparent, a characteristic of linseed oil being that its refractive index increase with age.
Permeke, Constant: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Expressionism.
Title: Meisje (1938).
Perspective: A system for creating illusions of depth on a flat surface; usually it is within the confines a linear system.
Marie-Therese Wisniowski's MSDS ArtCloth work - Nura Nura.
Perspective (Aerial): The technique of making a two-dimensional surface, appear three-dimensional through the use of value, intensity and temperature.
Perspective (Linear): The techniques of making a two-dimensional surface appear three-dimensional through the use of line.
Perugino, Pietro: (ca. 1450 Città delle Pieve, Perugia - 1523 Fontignano). He was born Pietro di Cristoforo Vannucci, and was the leading Umbrian artist before his student Raphael. He worked mainly in Florence, Rome, and Perugia. After starting with Verrocchio and Piero della Francesca, whose student he may have been, Perugino occupied himself with the new space and body formation of the Renaissance and the balance between picture surface and space. He produced clear, closed compositions with gentle gradations of color.
Pet Patterns: Patterns featuring pets or generally on a pets theme. One example is cat patterns.
Pet pattern - seamless pattern with animal paws.
Petruskeviciene, Jurate: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Abstract Color-Field.
Title: Autumn Vision I (detailed view).
Petyarr, Ada Bird: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movements: Traditional Aboriginal Art - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Title: Bean Tree Dreaming (1991).
Material and Technique: Batik on silk.
Petyarr, Annie: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movements: Traditional Aboriginal Art - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Title: Camp Scene (1989).
Material and Technique: Batik on silk.
Petyarr, Violet: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movements: Traditional Aboriginal Art - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Title: Anerlarr (pencil yam).
Material and Technique: Batik on silk (Utopia, Australia).
Pevsner, Antoine: Art Category: Painter, Constructivist. Art Movements: Cubism; Abstract Creationism.
Maquette of a Monument Symbolising the Liberation of the Spirit (1952)>
Piazzetta, Giovanni Battista: (1683 Venice - 1754 Venice). He trained in Venice and Bologna, where he was influenced primarily by the genre painting of Giuseppe Maria Crespis. Piazzetta settled permanently in Venice in 1711. He and Tiepolo were regarded as the most axciting church artists of the Venetian Settecento. His main patrons included Elector Clemens August of Cologne, and the Field Marshall Johann Matthias von der Schulenburg.
Picabia, Francis: Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: Impressionism, Cubism, Dada.
Title: Portrait of Olga.
Picasso, Pablo Ruiz: Art Category: Painter, Sculptor, Constructivists. Art Movements: Blue Period, Rose Period, African Sculpture and Art, Cubism, Neo-Classical, Surrealism, Neo-romantic.
Title: Standing Woman (1961).
Pichação (Graffiti Term): Brazilian name for the unique form of tagging found in that country.
Pichelmann, Caroll: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Naïve Realism.
Title: River to Range.
Materials and Techniques: Padded layers of hand dyed silk organdie. Black velvet shadows, 98% running stich combined with French knots, fly stitch and other embroidery. Hand writing and newsprint sealed and mounted on fabric border.
Piece: Short form of 'Masterpiece' (Graffiti Term). A large, complex, and labor-intensive graffiti painting. Pieces often incorporate 3-D effects, arrows, and many colors and color-transitions, as well as various other effects. These will usually be done by writers with more experience. Originally shorthand for masterpiece, considered the full and most beautiful work of graffiti. A piece requires more time to paint than a throw-up. If placed in a difficult location and well executed it will earn the writer more respect. Piece can also be used as a verb that means: "to write".
Piece Book or Black Book (Graffiti Term): A writer's sketch book. Used for personal art development and or the collection of other artists work.
Piecing (Graffiti Term): The execution of a 'piece' (see above).
Piero di Cosimo: (1461/62 Florence - 1521 Florence). He was born Piero di Lorenzo. He studied in Florence under Cosimo Rosselli, whose first name he assumed. Collaborated with Rosselli, on the frescoes in the Sistine Chapel in Rome in 1481/82, after which he worked mainly in Florence. His style, which was inspired by Filippino Lippi, Domenico Ghirlandaio, the early works of Leonardo da Vinci, and by Hugo van der Goes, combined lyrical and dramatic picture elements that was frequently fantastic and grotesque.
Pietà: (Italian meaning 'mercy.' Latin pietas, 'piety.') Also Vesper pciture. Latin:'Evening star, west.' Representation of the grieving Mother of God holding the body of Christ in her arms.
Michelangelo's pieta sculpture.
Pilon, Germain: (1528 Paris - 1590 Paris). He was considered one of the best French sculptors of the 16th century. He created a number of tombstones for the French court, his main client. He also produced statutes, busts, fireplace surrounds, and fountain decorations. Pilon's style was inspitred by the School of Fontainebleau, and especially by Primaticcio. The artist revealed a highly developed feeling for sculptural effects, in which Mannerist elegance and naturalist precision overlap.
Pin Art: The art of creating pictures with nails and thread. See figure below.
Ping, Huang Yong: Art Category: Sculptor. Art Movement: Post Modernism.
Title: Bat Project I & II (2001 – 2002).
Pinnell, Judith: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Title: Beyond the Surface.
Techniques and Materials: Silk “paper” substrate – dyed pure silk fibers manually formed into “fabric” similar to paper and felt. Overlaid organza strips, free machine stitching using various weights and colors of threads adds color changes.
Piombe, Sebastiano dei: (ca. 1485 Venice - 1547 Rome). He was born Sebastiano Luciani and known as Viniziano. He studied first under Bellini then under Giorgione in Venice. He settled in Rome in 1511, where he produced large altar panels for churches and also worked as a portraitist. His style was influenced by Raphael and Michelangelo and was noted for its monumentality and strong formal language.
Piranesi, Giovanni-Battista: Art Category: Etcher, Constructivist. Art Movement: Cubism.
Ponte Salario engraving.
Pisanello: (ca. 1395 Pisa - 1455 probably in Rome). His real name was Antonio di Pucci Pisano. He studied under Gentile da Fabriano in Venice from 1418 to 1420, and assisted him with painting the doge's palace; followed him to Rome c.a. 1423. Lived in Rome after the master's death in 1427. From around 1430 Pisanello was one of the most sought after artist of his time, and worked for the courts in Mantua, Ferrara, and Milan, and for King Alphonse of Aragon in Naples, A representative of International Gothic, this artist, draftsman, and medallist combined delicacy and elegance, a love of story telling, and a keen obsertvation of nature.
Pisano, Nino: (ca. 1315 - before 1368 Pisa.) He was the son of Andrea Pisano, probably the leading Italian sculptor of the Trecento. Because the style of Nino's picture works was extremely similar to his father's, which was influenced by French Gothic and unsigned (with a few exceptions), it is often impossible to ascribe them. Nino Pisano is first mentioned in 1349, when he was commissioned to design the cathedral of Orvieto, a task which had previously been entrusted to his father. He died either in or before 1368.
Pissaro, Camile: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Impressionism.
Title: Hyde Park, London (1890).
Pistoletto, Michelangelo: Art Category: Collagist, Painter. Art Movement: Superrealism.
Mirror painting.
Plaque: In craftwork, an ornamental base often serving as a support and background for craft or art designed as a wall decoration.
Pointillism: A system of painting based on the juxtaposition of dots of color that blend optically.
Artist and Title: Georges Seurat - The Seine and la Grande Jatte (Springtime 1888).
Poirer, Anne et Patrick: Art Category: Constructivists. Art Movement: Earthen Works Art.
Alep (2014-2015).
Pollen, Jason: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Expressionism.
Title: Kali.
Materials and Techniques: Cotton canvas, dye pigment, graphite, paint, stitching.
Pollock, Jackson: Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: Surrealism, Abstract Expressionism.
Untitled (1950).
Polyptych: (Greek - polyptychos - meaning 'having many folds'). A set of several panels (sculptured or painted altar decorations with more than two wings). A multi series of artworks. It is ideal for illustrating related art of extensive content.
Pontormo: (1494 Pontormo, Empoli - 1557 Florence). He was born Jacopo Carrucci, and went to Florence in 1508. After his first artistic contact with Leonardo da Vinci and Piero di Cosimo, he probably studied under Fra Bartolommeo and from 1512 to 1513 under Andrea del Sarto. He studied the works of Dürer and based his own on Michelangelo. By 1520 he had achieved a new, expressive style that transcended the style of High Renaissance. Pontormo and Rosso Fiorentino were regarded as the main exponents of the first dramatic and expressive phase of Mannerism.
Pop Art: A style of painting (and sculpture) originating in the 1960s, employing enlarged images and motifs from commercial art, road signs, comic strips and outdoor advertising.
Artist and Title: Andy Warhol, Marilyn Munroe (1967).
Porcelain: Generic term for fine, hard, translucent ceramic substance, used for the production of table and decorative wares. First made in China in the seventh and eight century AD, it was made in Europe only from the eighteenth century, when Meissen, Sevre and other manufacturers began production.
Porcelain Statue Marie Antoinette by Vavasseur.
Portfolio: A collection of designs.
Portrait: (French portrait meaning 'likeness'; from the Latin potrahere, 'to produce.') In visual art the representation of a person or group of people by artistic, graphic, sculptural, or photgraphic means. The person being portrayed is usually made recognizeable by the representation of certain physiognomic similarities or other attributes peculiar to the individual. Portraits can be idealized, often serving representative purposes, whereas others may reflect the individual's personality and character. There are numerous forms of expressions, ranging from the minature to cameos and minted coins, to paintings and larger-than-life portraits. Depnding on the number of people, we speak of single, double or group portraits, and also make a distinction between types such as full-figure, half figure, bust and head profiles. Also, an image format in which the height is greater than the width.
Posada, Jose Guadalupe: Art Category: Muralist. Art Movement: Expressionism.
Title: Dream.
Positive: Refers to the primary objects or shapes in a composition excluding the background.
Positivism: Extreme form of nineteenth century empiricism that sought objective fact above all else.
Artist and Title: Auguste Comte's (father of positivism). Religion of Humanity.
Post-Graffiti: Movement that reproduces scratches/images from walls onto other art media such as paper and cloth.
Artist, Technique, and Title:Marie-Therese Wisniowski. Post-Graffiti ArtCloth. Neue Kunst: Marilyn.
Post-Impressionism: Movement in French painting that reacted against Impressionism by emphasizing the subject, formal style, and structure of a work. It was associated with Paul Cezanne, Paul Gauguin, Camille Pissarro and Vincent Van Gogh.
Artist and Title: Camille Pissarro, Haying at Eragny (1889).
Post Modernism: Movement predominating in the 1980s and 1990s in reaction to the adoption of limitations by art movements. In principle, to be postmodernist is to accept that any style can be appropriate, anyone can be an artist, and any object can be a work of art.
Artist and Title: Vassily Kandinsky. Composition 8 (1923).
Poulson, Peggy Napurrla Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movements: Traditional Aboriginal Art - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Title: Wapiti Jukurrpa (Small yam Dreaming).
Material and Technique: Batik On Cotton (Yuendumu, Australia).
Poussin, Nicolas: (1594 Les Andelys - 1685 Rome). He was pemanently resident in Rome from 1624, apart from the period from 1640 and 1642 which he spent at the court in Paris as official painter of Louis XIII. Poussin's painting was based on the art of Antiquity and the Italian Renaissance, historical, religious, and mythological pictures, portraits, and landscapes, which were always subject to strict, high level of perfection and principle of order. His Classical painting had a marked influence on the art and artists of the Paris Académie.
Powdered Ornament: A pattern consisting of evenly spaced scatterings of small motifs such as flower springs and stars.
Powder Blue Seamless pattern.
Powers, Hiram: Art Category: Sculptor. Art Movement: Neo-Classical.
Description: Sculpture of Andrew Jackson by Hiram Powers (modelled in 1835).
Pragmatics: Semiotic(s).
Pre-Raphaelitism: English movement of the mid-19th Century inspired by a romanticised vision of the Middle Ages and the style of painters before Raphael.
Artist and Title: John William Waterhouse. The Lady of Shallot (1888).
Priming: The first coat of paint applied to a canvass in preparation for a painting process. White is usually used but it is not necessay to adhere to this one color.
Primitive Art: The art of preliterate peoples; a slightly opprobrious term for untrained or unsophisticated art; mistakenly applied to European paintings before the Italian Renaissance.
Ancient & Primitive Art.
Printmaker: One who prints images/texts on an art medium.
Title: Bird of Prey.
Artist and Technique: An image from Marie-Therese Wsiniowski's printmaker artist book - 'Not in my Name.'
Prior, Michael: Art Category: Photographer. Art Movement: Realism.
Red polka dot cupcake delivery girl in her motor-trade habitat.
Privat-Livemont, Henri: Art Category: Printmaker. Art Movement: Art Nouveau.
Artist: Absinthe Rosette (1896).
Production (Graffiti Term): Large scale murals with detailed pieces and illustrations. (Also contemporary term used mainly for street murals.)
Provence: Also provenience; origin or source, especially of a work of art.
Prud'hon, Pierre Paul: (1758 Cluny - 1823 Paris). He trained in Dijon and Paris. In Italy between 1782 and 1788, he trained himself in the style of Leonardo da Vinci and Correggio, before finally settling in Paris in 1789. Although he linked his art to the Classical art of the time of Louis XVI, it differed in the definition of contours, the gentle transition between shades, and quite muted use of chiaroscuro.
Pryor, Jutta: Art Category: Printmaker. Art Movement: Naïve Realism.
Title: Virtual Dreaming (2009).
PT (Graffiti Term): Painters Touch brand by Rust-Oleum.
Public Style (Graffiti Term): Writing that is easily read by the public.
Puget, Pierre: (1620 Marseille - 1694 Fougette, Marseille). He trained under a woodcarver who worked in ship building, and continued his training in Rome. The artist lived far from the art center of Paris, first in Toulon and Marseille, but spent time in Rome and Genoa in 1660s. As well as decorating ships, he produced statutes, busts, reliefs, anin d architectural designs. Only a few of his later works were intended for the royal court, differing ferom his Bernini-inspired works in the dynamics of painting and emotional intensity.
Pumice: Powered volcanic rock. A greyish inert pigment and abrasive, it is often used to impart tooth to grounds.
Punition (Graffiti Term): Form of graffiti that consists in repeating the same word endlessly covering a whole surface. It comes from the punition lines that kids do at school.
Putto: Plural: putti. Small child, winged or not, common in Classical and classicizing art.
Artist, Title and Descripton: Rubens, Sir Peter Paul. Putti - a ceiling decoration.
Pwerl, Lena: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movements: Traditional Aboriginal Art - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Title: Arlewatyerr (Goanna) (1980-82).
Technique: Batik on silk.
Pynacker, Adam: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Italian Baroque.
Artist and Title: Adam Pynacker’s 1668 painting, 'Boatmen moored on a lakeshore.'
Pyx: (Greek). A small cylindrical container, usually made of ivory (occasionally silver or bronze), often with a decorative lid; probably imported originally from Constantinople and Alexandria. The few remaininng examples date back to the 4th to 7th centuries A.D., and are decorated with figural reliefs of mythological and biblical content. Used since the 9th century to refer to the box used to store and hand out wafers of the scarament; the original shape of the ivory pyx has been retianed.
Qianlong Emperor (Chinese): An avid collector and student of the arts who ruled China from 1736 - 1795.
The Qianlong Emperor during the first year of his reign.
Quadro Riportato: Italian. A framed picture.
Quadro Riportato.
Quarton, Enguerrand: (Worked from 1444 to 1486). He was also known as Charonton, Charton, and Charretier. He worked in the Provence in the mid-15th century, mainly in Avignon, where he was last mentioned in 1486. Along with Jean Fouquet he was regarded as as the leading French painter of the late Gothic. His style, which was influenced by Old Dutch art, was characterized by steady, evenly expressive, ornamental lines and a division of shapes.
Quatrefoil: A stylized four-petal flower or a leaf with four leaflets used as a pattern motif or in an ornament, often having a heraldic or symbolic meaning. A similar three-petal motif is a trefoil.
Quatrefoil Pattern Background Blue.
Quattrocento: The 1400s or 15th Century, especially in Italian art.
Title, Artist and Movement: Pietà (detail). Bellini, Giovanni.Renaissance (Early Italian, 'Quattrocento').
Quercia, Jacopo della: (1374 ?Siena - 1483 Siena). He was active in Siena, Bologna and Lucca, and elsewhere. In 1401 he joined in the competition to design the bronze door to the Baptistery in Florence. Committed to the Gothic style in the early stages of his career, the artist became the leading Sienese sculptor of the Early Renaissance. His powerful, highly expressive style impressed artists of the High Renaissance, and Michelangelo in particular.
Quilling: Art of rolling and bending narrow strips of paper into artistic shapes.
Quilling - Pink Butterfly.
Quilting: The art of quilting basically involves stitching together two or more layers of fabric to form a decorative design on the top surface, either to create warmth or softness or simply to add interest.
Title: Goes Here!
Racking (Graffiti Term): Shoplifting or robbing, not limited to but including paint, markers, inks, caps, and clothes. Although disputed whether racking is an essential part of graffiti, there are writers who do not consider using legitimately acquired paint or pens as proper graffiti.
Raiki Wara: Aboriginal phrase which translated means long cloth (e.g. often use in the context of Aboriginal ArtCloth works).
Title: Inawinytji (Tjingilya) Williamson. Raiki wara (1995).
Technique: Batik on silk.
Size: 115 cm (width) x 290 cm (length).
Raffer Beck, Jeanne: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Abstract Expressionism.
Title: Etruscan Relic (full view).
Random: A design in which elements (for example flowers) are scattered randomly within the unit of repeat. Same as tossed layout.
Random Zig Zag.
Raphael: (1483 Urbino - 1520 Rome). He was born Raffaello Santi, and studied under Perugino in Perugia. He went to Florence in 1504 until he wass called to Rome by Pope Julius II in 1508. He worked on some frescoes for the Vatican and was put in charge of the construction of St. Peter's basilica on the death of Bramante in 1514. Raphael is considered to have been the most important artist of the High Renaissance. His famous altar panels, empathic Madonnas, portraits, and complicated frescoes are marked by formal clarity and deeply perceived natural expressiveness.
Raphael, Self-portrait with a Friend, ca. 1518/19.
Musée du Louvre.
Rarrk: Crossed-hatched clan patterns in Western Arnhem Land (Australia).
Cross-hatching aboriginal artwork.
Rastafarianism: Belief originating from Jamaica that venerates the Ethiopian emperor Haili Salassie (called Ras Tafari before his coronation). It teaches the eventful redemption of black people and their repatriation to Africa, considered a spiritual Eden.
Rastafarian Last Supper.
Rauchenberg, Robert: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Abstract Expressionism.
Title: Octave (1960).
Realism: A nineteenth century style of painting associated with Gustave Courbet and related novels of Zola; emphasis on a truthful account of human existence; opposed to ideal or Academic art.
Artist and Title: Gustave Courbet, Stone-Breakers (1849).
Recall: The repetitive use of the same or similar motifs within a crocus or sketch. Variations in the motifs can include color, shape, weight, or scale.
Redon, Odilon: Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: Precursor to Surrealists. Symbolism.
Title: Buddha in His Youth.
Reformation: Reform movement in the sixteenth century church that escalated into a religious revolution. Protestant denominations concentrated in northern Europe broke away from Roman Catholicism, concentrated in the south. In several Protestant area iconoclastic outburst resulted in the destruction and prohibition of religious art.
Protestant Reformation Art (ca.1520-1700).
Regnault, Henri: Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: Academic Classicism, Romanticism.
Title and Painter: Salomé by Henri Renault (1870).
Reinhardt, Ad: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Minimal Art.
Title: Number 17 (1953).
Relief (relievo): Sculpture in which the figures half project from a flat background.
Horse wall relief.
Reliquary: A container of relics, which may take any form, from a simple box to a representational image, and which can either conceal or reveal the relic within.
Reliquary Chasse with the Adoration of the Magi.
Relm (Tag): Art Category: Spray Cannist. Art Movement: Grafitti.
Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn: (1608 Leiden - 1689 Amsterdam). He studied under Pieter Lastman in Amsterdam, where he settled after leaving Leiden in 1631. He married Saskia van Uylenburg in 1633, who died in 1642. He then lived with Hendrickje Stoffels. Although he was much in demand as a painter and etcher, he found himself in increasing financial difficulties. Rembrandt was known for his religious and historical pictures and portraits, in which he broke from the traditional designs of his chosen subjects. In his subtle chiaroscuro painting he reproduces the spiritual condition of the individual with sensitivity and feeling.
Rembrandt, Harmenz. van Rijn, Self-portrait in Old Age, ca. 1664, Uffizi Gallery, Florence.
Renaissance: (French; Italian, rinascimento, both meaning 'rebirth.') The progressive cultural epoch of the 15th and 16th centuries that started in Italy. The later stage, ca. 1530 to 1600, is also called Mannerism. The name refers back to the term rinascità (rebith) coined in 1550 by Giorgio Vasari (1511-1574), which initially referred only to medieval art. The dominating ideal of the uomo universale, of spiritually and physically multitalented, highly educated person, developed through Humanism, which called on the examples of Antiquity to promote the ideal of the new picture of humanity, the world, and nature. The best known example is Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519). The visual arts moved from being regarded as a craft into free art, which in turn gave artists a higher status and a certain self awareness. Art and science were directly linked, each affecting the other, as in the discovery of mathematically calculable persepectives and anatomical structures, Architecture referred back to the archectural theories of Vitruvius (ca. 84 B.C.) and was marked fundamentally by the inclusion of Antique building elements and the development of palace and castle architecture. Centralized building design was typical of the period.
Artist and Title: Raphael. School of Athens.
Rendering: Another term for finished crocus.
Renoir, Pierre Auguste: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Impressionism.
Title: Self-Portrait.
Reynolds, Sir Joshua: (1723 Plympton, Plymouth - 1792 London). He worked as a portrait artist in London, and was extremely influential during his many years as president of the Royal Academy. He was knighted in 1769. His time in Italy from 1749 to 1752, during which he studied the art of Antiquity and of the Renaissance in Rome and the works of Titan, Tinoretto, and Veronese in Venice, was extremely important for the development of his style. Reynolds was the most successful and productive English portraitist of the 18th century. He was also an extremely important expert on the theory of art and English Classicism.
Repeat: The horizontal or vertical distance between identical elements of a repeat pattern. In the United States, the repeat is usually measured in inches, for example, a 27" repeat.
Repeat Pattern: A design for decorating a surface composed of a number of elements (motifs) arranged in a regular or formal manner. Same as repeating pattern. Often simply called "pattern." See also seamless repeating pattern.
Repeat pattern - birds.
Restrike: Impression taken from a sculptor's mould at some time after the original edition.
Artist, Title and Technique: Salvador Dali, El Cid. Restrike etching.
Retable: A structure (architectonic, carved, painted or of metalwork) position behind the altar.
Saint Sauveur Sur Ainée Eglise Retable.
Ribera, Juspo de: (1591 Játive, Valencia - 1652 Naples). He left Spain as a young artist and went to Italy, where Caravaggio's Roman works had a lasting effect on him. Ribera settled in Naples in 1615 and worked for the Spanish viceroy of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, the count Osuna, and his successors. He painted mainly religious pictures, which are noted for the quick brush strokes of his painting style.
Riemenschneider, Tilman: (1460 Heiligenstadt in Eichsfeld - 1531 Würzburg). He was the most famous southern German woodcarver of his time, and maintained his own large workshop in Würzburg. Keenly aware of his social responsibilities, he joined the town council and was made major in 1520/21. Against the animated, colorful, gold-painted picture works of the late Gothic, his figures are notable for the simplification of gestures and mimicry and the new monochrome approach which matched the character of the wood and facilitated a nuanced surface treatment.
Rigaud, Hyacinthe: (1659 Perpignan - 1743 Paris). He was based in Paris from 1691. He became the preferred portraitist of the royal family, French nobility, and the church. He was made a member of the Académie Royale in 1700, and became its principal in 1733. The influential artist was elevated to the knighthood in 1709. Guided by the elegant likeness of Sir Anthony van Dyck and trained in the works of Charles Le Brun, Rigaud's paintings were exemplary for the whole of European court painting in the 18th century.
Riley, Bridget Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Op Art.
Title: Descending (1965).
RIP: abbr. Rest in Proportion. Instructions in sizing up artwork where the other dimensions or images are to be reduced or enlarged in proportion to a given dimension.
Rios, Oliver “Karo”: Art Category: Muralist. Art Movement: Street Art.
Title: Poem, The Legend Lives On.
Artists: Julio 'Fade' Caban, Oliver 'Kazo' Rios and Jose 'Solo' Cordero.
Rippon, Lesley: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Abstract Expressionism.
Title: The Eye has it.
Materials and Techniques: Cotton sponged with darker blue acrylic, painted vleisofix background. Salmon material satin stiched. Yellow material layered with painted material and satin stitched and adhered together. Thick and thin wool sewn on by hand representing the nerves in the eye. Sewn braid representing computer printouts on salmon area. Rickrack braid used for the circles on the printout and hand sewn onto background. Beaded salmon rectangles sewn onto background to represent the drops I will always have to put in my eyes. Project hand sewn onto a round frame to represent the eye.
Rivera, Diego: Art Category: Muralist. Art Movement: European Baroque Styles.
Title: Flower Seller.
Rivers, Larry: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Pop Art.
Title: Portrait of Brigitte Mernahan (1956).
Roberts, Elizabeth: Art Category: Fashion Art. Art Movement: Wearable Art.
Title: Shasta.
Materials and Techniques: Silk fabric thread and silk tops. Needle-turned rouleau, fabric manipulation.
Robertson, Mary Anne (Grandma Moses): Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Naïve Art.
Title: Sugaring Off (1955).
Robertson-Swan, John: Art Category: Sculptor. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
John Robertson-Swann’s Vault (nicknamed the Yellow Peril) Melbourne, Australia.
Rocaille: (French 'scree, grotto, shellwork'). Assdymmetrical wave- and shell-pattern decorations in the Rococo.
Rococo Art: (French rocaille meaning scree, grotto, shellwork). European period of arty between 1710/1730 and 1770/1780. Characteristic is a style of decoration that incorporates small pieces and playful designs. This us emphasized in art by the use if a light palette. It was a late form of Baroque architecture and decoration, but more intimate and secular; playful, witty and often erotic; ornate decor; light colors; irregular form; reflects the effectiveness of the French court in the late eighteenth century.
Jean Honoré Fragonard, La coquette fixée (The Fascinated Coquette).
Rodchenko, Alexander: Art Category: Painter, Constructivist. Art Movement: Non-Objectivism.
1920s by Russian constructivist artist Alexander Rodchenko.
Rodda, Elisabeth: Art Category: Photographer. Art Movement: Realism.
Title: Intimate Alien.
Rodin, Auguste: Art Category: Sculptor. Art Movement: Neo-Classical.
Title: Despair.
Rogers, Barbara: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Abstract Color-Field.
Title: Multistripe (2011).
Material and Techniques: Silk organza, silk charmeuse. Shibori resist dye techniques. De-colored, azoic dyes.
Roller (Graffiti Term): An enormous piece done with a paint roller instead of aerosol. These are usually completed in very simplified letter forms that resemble font, but can occasionally be very intricate and complex.
Roller Letters (Graffiti Term): Names rendered with bucket paint and rollers.
Romanesque: The art and architecture of Europe from the ninth to the twelfth century; characterized by heavy masonry construction, dark church interiors and mystical, restless sculptural forms.
Romanesque Art.
Romanticism: Epoch of European, especially German spiritual life, literature, and visual art that replaced the Enlightenment, classicism, and classics at the end of the 18th century and was marked by emphasis on the emotions, the wonderful, fabulous, and fantastica. In art the revitalization of medieval myths, fairytales, and history opened up new subjects. Landscape painting was one particular expression of the devotion to an inner world. Romanticism arrived in England and in Germany before it reached France; itsd main sphere was in fact historical art. Inspired by the colors of Peter Paulk Rubens (1577/1640), Eugéne Delacroix (1798-1863) highlighted new concerns, enriching art by adding exotic themes from the Orient. By concentrating on pictictorial problems, the art of Camile Corot (1796-1875) and the School of Barbizon artists revealed a tendency toward the Romantic.
Artist and Description: Alfred Dedreux (1810–1860). As a Child.
Rook (Graffiti Term): Trusted member of a crew.
Rosa, Salvatore: (1615 Arenella , Naples - 1673 Rome). He left Naples for Rome in 1635. He served the Medicis in Florence from 1641 and again in 1649, but returned to Rome in 1649. Rosa, who was also an etcher, poet, and musician, is regarded as one of the most multi-talented Italian artist of the Seicento. He painted mainly landscapes and pictures of battles, but also portraits and religious, allegorical, and historical figure pictures, which, because of their often dark pathos, were particularly highly valued in the 19th century.
Rose, Chris: Art Category: Quilter. Art Movement: Naïve Realism.
Title: The Lililn Quilt.
Materials and Techniques: Black silk, organza Japanese vintage materials. Layering of dyed, stitched and collaged silk, metal thread and shim.
Rosenquist, James: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Pop Art.
Title: Marilyn Monroe I (1962).
Rossetti, Dante Gabriel: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Symbolism.
Title: The Twig (1865).
Rosso, Fiorentino: (1495 Florence - 1540 Fontainebleau). His real name Giovanni Battista di Jacopo. He studied in Florence under Andrea del Sarto. After leading an unsettled life, he was called to the French Court in 1530 and organized the interior work at the palace of Fontainebleau, where he produced his main work, the design of the Francis I gallery with frescoes and stucco work that strongly influenced the Mannerist style of Rosso's and Primaticcio's School of Fontainebleau.
Rosso, Medardo: Art Category: Sculptor. Art Movement: Neo-Classical.
Title: Sick Old Man.
Rothko, Mark: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Abstract Color-Field.
Rothko’s: the Seagrams Murals at Tate Modern.
Rouault, Georges: Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: Expressionism, Fauves.
Title: Christ and Apostles (1937-38, detail).
Rousseau, Henri-Julien: Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: Cubism, Naive Realism.
Title: Self Portrait (1890).
Rousseau, Théodore: (1812 Paris - 1867 Barbizon) Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: French Landscape.
Title: The Fisherman (1848–9).
He studied the works of Lorrain and 17th-century Dutch landscape painters while training at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Paris. He exhibited at the Salon of 1831 for the first time, but was rejected repeatedly until finally receiving a medal in 1849. He lived in Barbizon from 1847 and became one of the main representatives of the Barbizon School. The woods of Fontainebleau provided motifs for his dark, moodily executed landscape pictures.
Rubens, Peter Paul: (1577 Siegan - 1640 Antwerp). He trained in Antwerp, where he was accepted as a master into the Guild of St. Luke in 1598. from 1600 to 1608 he was court painter to Vincenzo Gonzaga II, the count of Mantua, Italy. In 1609 he became court painter to Archduke Albrecht and Archduchess Isabella in Brussels, but lived and maintained his largge workshop in Antwerp. There were many commissions in association with diplomatic activities, which helped to spread his fame throughout Europe. Rubens was the leading Flemish artist of the Baroque, and incorporated a number of different traditions in his works.
Peter Paul Rubens, Self-portrait wearing Hat.
ca. 1623-1625, Uffizi Gallery, Florence.
Ruisdael, Jacob Isaacksz. van: (1628/29 Haarlem - 1682? Amsterdam). He was one of the leading Dutch landscape artist of his time. He was accepted as a master into the Guild of St. Luke of Haarlem in 1648. He was based in Amsterdam from about 1656/57. In 1676 he was made a doctor of medicine in Caen. His first pictures, which were influenced by his uncle Salomon van Ruysdael, are fragments of simple landscapes. His later works, by contrast, exhibit more excitment, ther natural forms exaggerated dramatically.
Run (Graffiti Term): The length of time graffiti remains up before being covered or removed. If a piece has been up for a year, it is said to have "run for a year".
Russolo, Luigi: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Futurism.
Title: Impressions of Bombardment (Shrapnels and Grenades)(1926).
Rusto (Graffiti Term): Rust-Oleum brand spray paint.
Rutherford, Diane: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Title: Postmark Bluewater.
Materials and Techniques: Beeswax, dye, cloth, batik, printing, stitching.
Ryder, Albert Pinkham: Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: Romanticism, Symbolism.
Title: The Lone Scout (ca. 1885).
Ryder, Julie: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Abstract Expressionism.
Title: Eclipse (detail view).
Sable Brush: Made from the hair of a sable. Good-quality paint brush.
Salvator mundi: (Latin: 'saviour of the worlds.') A special way of representing Christ in the late medieval art that was particularly prevalent in the early Netherlandish paintings. The Savior is shown as a half figure, His right hand raised in blessing and holding a glass globe of the world in his left, following the image of Vera icon. The image is also common in architecture. The term places Christ's act of saving and his deeds center.
Sansovino, Jacopo: (1486 Florence - 1570 Venice). His real name is Jacopo Tatti. He assumed the name of his treacher, the Florentine sculptor Andrea Sansovino, and accompanied him to Rome in 1505, where he worked as a respected sculptor until 1527 (apart from the period 1511 to 1518). He fled to Venice when the troops of Charles V stormed the city in 1527. The city established its connection with the latest Roman influences in architecture and sculpture through Sansovino. However, with Titan's encouragement, he developed his style in a specific Venetian form.
Sargent, John Singer: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: American Impressionism.
Title: Rosina.
Sateen Repeat: A non-directional pattern in which motifs are arranged on a rectangular grid in such a way that each "row" and "column" of the repeated unit contains only one instance of the motif. Additionally, the motifs may be rotated and/or reflected to produce a more uniform pattern. Same as spot repeat. The distribution of the motifs in the grid resembles the satin weave.
Sateen Repeat - 5 Spot Butterflies.
Scale: The relative size of a motif or layout.
Scale Drawing: An illustration, which represents an object and its parts in correct proportion to the actual size.
Scale Pattern: Design created with overlapping arcs. Also called clamshells. Encountered in many cultures through the millennia.
Seamless black and white art deco pattern of overlapping arcs.
Schey, Barbara: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Title: Remembering Pike River Mine.
Material and Technique: Lamé. Miura shibori.
Schiele, Egon: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Expressionism.
Title: Self-Portrait with Striped Shirt.
Schmidt-Rottluff, Karl: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Expressionism.
Title: Houses at Night (1912).
Schrimpf, Georg: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Expressionism.
Title: Am Morgen (1931).
Schulze, Joan: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Abstract Expressionism.
Title: Catch The Light 1 & Catch The Light 2 (detail view).
Schwitters, Kurt: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Merzism.
Title: Metz-Alienist (1919).
Scratchiti (Graffiti Term): Graffiti made using a scratching technique.
Scribe (Graffiti Term): Also called 'scratchitti', scribing creates hard-to-remove graffiti by scratching or incising a tag into an object, generally using a key, knife, stone, sand paper, ceramic drill bit, or diamond tipped Dremel bit. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness determines which stones or other objects will scratch what surfaces.
Scroll: A ribbon-like motif in the shape of a partly rolled scroll of paper.
Vintage baroque scroll design element flower motif pattern.
Seamless Patterns: Repeating patterns without visible boundaries between motifs. Created by elements of the motif that appear in a regular manner (as in set layout) or artfully extend beyond geometric boundaries of the repeating region (as in interlocking patterns). Blending of neighbouring units is another way to achieve seamless repeats.
Geometric seamless patterns.
Secco: Painting on dry plaster on a wall or ceiling.
Second Empire Style: The ornate, ostentatious, and largely eclectic style current in interior design in France under the reign of Napoleon III (reigned 1848-70).
One of the salons of Napoleon III, now in the Louvre, in the Second Empire Style.
Sedgley, Peter: Art Category: Constructivist. Art Movement: Kinetic Art.
Title: Wind Tone Tower (1979).
Sedira, Zineb: Art Category: Photographer. Art Movement: Expressionism.
20th Century Algeria.
Semiotics (Semiology): The study of signs and sign-systems, whether spoken, gesticulated, written, printed or constructed; divided into three levels, syntactics (relation between signs), semantics (relation between signs and things they refer to) and pragmatics (relations between signs and those who use them). See diagram below.
Separation Artwork: Artwork in which a separate layer is created for each color to be printed.
Marie-Therese Wisniowski painting her color plates with disperse dyes.
Serial Art: Also series painting, system sculpture and 'ABC' art. A style of the 1960s and 1970s in which simple geometric configurations are repeated with little or no variation; sequence becomes important as in mathematics and linguistic theory.
Serini, Gino: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Futurism.
Title: La Modiste (The Milliner) (1910-1911).
Serpentine Stripes: A pattern arranged along wavy (sinusoidal) lines, reminiscent of reptilian movements.
Serpentine Stripes.
Sérusier, Paul: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Post-Impressionism 2.
Title: Boys on a Riverbank (1906).
Set Layout: A design in which motifs are arranged as if on a hidden grid.
Polka dot design in a 'set layout'.
Seurat, Georges-Pierre: Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: Impressionism, Pointillism
Title: A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte.
Sgraffito: Design, as on a pottery or wall, scratched through a thin surface layer to reveal the color beneath.
Impasto & Sgraffito Idea.
Shades: Colors to which black has been added.
Shahn, Ben: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Urban Realism.
Title: Study for New Jersey Homesteads Mural (ca. 1936).
Shaman: Sorcerer, magician, medicine-man, priest of the Old Stone Age hunting cultures; he was probably responsible for pictures of animals painted on cave walls and ceilings.
Shonibare, Yinka: Art Category: Soft Sculpture. Art Movement: Naïve Realism.
Title: Fake Death Picture (The Suicide – Manet) 2011.
Shikishiban (Japanese): A print size of 8 x 7.25 inches (20.5 x 18.5 cm).
Title and Artist: 'Crabs near a tide line' (1827) by Japanese artist & printmaker Yashima Gakutei (1786-1868). Shikishiban.
Shin Hanga (New Prints - Japanese): A print movement began by the publisher Watanabe Shōzaburō in the early twentieth century that was based on the ukiyo-e tradition.
Shin-Hangs: New Prints in Modern Japan.
Shunga (Spring Pictures - Japanese): Ukiyo-e prints illustrating erotic matter.
Most shunga in Japan are ukiyo-e woodblock prints format or painting scrolls. Japanese word 'SHUN-GA' translated means 'Spring-Painting.'
Shurygin, Nickolai: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Realism.
Pomegranate.
SIAD: Initials of Society of Industrial Artists and Designers (UK), founded in 1930.
EC4, Fleet Street, 22, Ye Olde Cock Tavern.
Signac, Paul: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Post-Impressionism.
Title: The River Bank, Petit-Andely (1886).
Silhouette: A drawing of an object showing simply the outline filled with solid tone or color.
A halloween skeleton profile frame.
Siqueiros, David: Art Category: Muralist. Art Movement: European Barque Style.
Title: The Revolution (mural).
Sisley, Alfred: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Impressionism.
Title: The Moret Bridge in the Sunlight.
Sittow, Michael: (ca. 1468 Reval - 1525/26 Reval). He came from the northern Hanseatic town Reval (now Tallinn, Estonia). He moved to the Netherlands in 1482, where he was strongly inspired by Hans Memling in Bruges. In Spain in 1492 he became court painter to Isabella the Catholic of Castile. From 1502 he was in the service of various other European courts before finally returning to his hometown in 1518.
Sketch: A fully painted design that is not in repeat; same as crocus.
Sketch Book: An exercise book design to assist in the collation of source sketched materials.
Slam (Graffiti Term): To paint at an extremely conspicuous or dangerous location.
Slash (Graffiti Term): To put a line through, or tag over, another's graffiti. This is considered a deep insult. It is also known as "marking", "dissing" and "capping" (because of an infamous writer called CAP going over almost every piece on every car of the New York transit system in the early 70s and has become sort of a criticized legend because of that). Also referred to as "crossing out", "dissing", "hating", "going over", or "line", as in I lined his tag.
Sloan, John: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Dutch Realism Revisited.
Title: Main Street, Gloucester (1917).
Smalt: A kind of cobalt blue glass or frit, made by roasting a cobalt ore with other ingredients. It was improved from the Egyptian days by substituting cobalt for the more poisonous and less desirable copper. Before the introduction of artificial ultramarine, smalt was most carefully made in a number of different shades, but today it finds limited use in ceramics. Its faults were its coarseness and its lack of tinctorial power, and the presence of alkaline impurities.
003399 Hex Color Image (Blue, Smalt).
Smith, Barbara Lee Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Expressionism.
Title: Marshland/Twilight.
Materials and Techniques: Painted, printed, fused and stitched non woven synthetic.
Smith, Carter: Art Category: Fashion Art. Art Movement: Wearable Art.
Smith, June: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movements: Traditional Aboriginal Art - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Untitled.
Material and Technique: Handpainted silk.
Smith, Richard: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: British Pop Art.
Title: PM Zoom (1963).
Smith, Ursula: Art Category: Surface Design. Art Movement: Abstract.
Title: Funky Flames (2012).
Smithson, Robert: Art Category: Constructivist. Art Movement: Earthen Artworks.
Artist and Title of Work: Robert Smithson, Spiral Jetty.
Social Realism: The style of art, allegedly Marxist, which is based on the doctrine that painting and sculpture should accurately represent the worker’s experiences, especially their oppression by class enemies and their triumphs of production.
Artist and Title of Artwork: Ivan Bevzenko, Young Steel Workers (1961).
Softening Brush: Long-haired brush used for softening and blending paint in marbling, wood graining and many other bravura finishes. Badger hair softeners are easier to use but more expensive than hog-hair softeners. Available in a range of sizes.
Sōsaku Hanga (Creative Prints - Japanese): A print movement begun in the early twentieth century that advocated the artist's involvement in the creative process.
Hashimoto - Sunny Path. Sôsaku Hanga (creative prints).
Soto, Jesus-Raphael: Art Category: Constructivist. Art Movement: Kinetic Art.
Title: Cardinal (1965).
Soutine, Chaim: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Expressionism.
Title: Self-Portrait (1918).
Spacklng or Sparkling: The rectifying of a defect in a plaster wall or mural painting by digging out the defective spot and filling it in with a plastic gesso, plaster of Paris, Keene's cement or similar material.
Spall: Chip broken from a stone carving.
Spalliera: (Plural: spalliere). From the Italian - spalla - meaning 'shoulder.' Ornamented or figurated panel about shoulder height of a textile or, when set into a wall or on furniture, of painted wood.
Title and Description: Biagi di Antonio and Jacopo del Sellaio, The Morelli Chest and Spalliera, with scenes from Roman history, 1472.
Materials: Wood, gesso, tempera and gilding.
Size: 205.5 x 193 cm (overall), Courtesy: The Courtauld Gallery, London (Samuel Courtauld Trust).
Soak Up (Graffiti Term): To consider other pieces for inspiration.
Spanish Montana (Graffiti Term): Specialty paint brand company designed for graffiti. Due to a dispute in name branding, it is unrelated to German Montana, a company selling the same products capitalizing on the idea after Spanish Montana.
Spot Repeat: A non-directional pattern in which motifs are arranged on a rectangular grid in such a way that each "row" and "column" of the repeated unit contains only one instance of the motif. Additionally, the motifs may be rotated and/or reflected to produce a more uniform pattern. Same as sateen repeat. The distribution of the motifs in the grid resembles the satin weave.
Red, Green Spot Repeat Pattern by Carly Myles.
Spray-Can Art (Graffiti Term): Graffiti made using spray cans; increasingly difficult with the banning of the sale of these to young people, but other aerosol implements have been created to substitute.
Sprig: A tossed pattern of small shoots, twigs, or leaves of a plant, commonly on a pastel background.
Seamless Spring Pattern with Sprig of Mimosa.
Square Repeat: A layout in which the repeating unit appears directly on a horizontal line to the left or right of the original design unit. Also called block repeat, straight-across repeat, straight repeat, and "full-drop repeat".
Black and White Square Geometric Repeat Pattern.
Stabile: Sculpture or construction resembling a mobile in appearance, but stationary.
Description: Stabile Sculpture by Manuel Marin (Spanish, 1942 - 2007).
Stahmer, Gail: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Title: Under the Silk Tree.
Stainer (Graffiti Term): A marker used to tag with, generally with a 12 mm or 20 mm tip. In some countries such as Australia possession of these without a reason can result in an on the spot fine.
Stainers: Sometimes known as universal strainers. Used as an alternative to artist’s oil paints for coloring glaze. The range of colors is less extensive and less subtle than artist’s oils. See tinter.
Stanley, Tjariya (Nungalka): Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movements: Traditional Aboriginal Art - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Untitled (Full View).
Starszakowna, Norma: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Abstract Color-Field.
Title: Razing/Raising Walls, Warsaw (full view).
Steel (Graffiti Term): Any type of train. New school term used to distinguish train and wall work.
Steinlen, Théophile Alexandre: Art Category: Art Posters. Art Movement: Belle Époque poster art.
Title: Le Reve (1891).
Technique: Color lithograph.
Size: 89.2 x 63.4 cm.
Stella, Frank: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Minimalism.
Title: Harran II (1967).
Stella, Joseph: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Italian Futurism Revisited.
Title: Battle of Lights Coney Island.
Stencil Graffiti (Graffiti Term): Uses prepared templates to apply messages and designs in public places, usually using spray cans to apply paint to the negative spaces on the stencil. They may be small or large, entirely pictorial or incorporate or consist solely of text.
Stevens, Alfred: Art Category: Sculptor. Art Movement: Neo-Classical.
Title: La Parisienne japonaise (1872).
Stewart, Bob: Art Category: Film Maker. Art Movement: Realism.
Title: Black Saturday (2009).
Sticker (Graffiti Term): Also referred to as "labels" or "slaps". A sticker (often obtained from shipping companies and name greeting labels) with the writer's tag on it. A sticker can be deployed more quickly than other forms of graffiti, making it a favorite in any public place such as crosswalk signs, newspaper dispensers, stop signs, phone booths etc. A popular sticker that was used originally was the "Hello my name is" red stickers in which a writer would write their graffiti name in the blank space. Reflector stickers, found at hardware stores are sometimes assembled to form a crew meaning, or individual writer's moniker.
Still, Clifford: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Abstract Expressionism.
Title: 1957-D No. 1 (1957).
Still Life: Representation of inanimate objects, such as fruit or flowers.
Artist, Title, and Artwork: Margaret Preston,Still life, with Australian flowers (1957).
Stipple: Dots placed closely together, creating a textured or shaded effect. See also pilotage.
Stippling Art. 'Portrait of a Girl,' by Pablo Jurado Ruiz.
Stippling Brush: Rectangular brush used for a stippled finish and for removing excess paint cornices and architraves etc. Available in a variety of sizes.
Stokes, Linda: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Title: Corrosion.
Stolzl, Gunta: Art Category: Collargist. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Technique: Collagé (1924).
Straight-Across Repeat: A layout in which the repeating unit appears directly on a horizontal line to the left or right of the original design unit. Also called block repeat, square repeat, and straight repeat.
Straight-across Repeat.
Straight Letter (Graffiti Term): Also referred to as "straights", "blockbusters" and sometimes "simples" are a direct, blocky, more readable and simpler style of graffiti. Straight letters can be read by anyone and usually contain only two colors and are most commonly completed in arrangements of silver, black, and/or white.
Straight Repeat: A layout in which the repeating unit appears directly on a horizontal line to the left or right of the original design unit. Also called block repeat, square repeat, and straight-across repeat.
Daisy motif block repeat pattern.
Street Art (Graffiti Term): All forms of decoration or inscription that are applied illegally in public places but do not conform to the subway or hip-hop style of graffiti art. It may include stencil graffiti, stickers, paste-ups, three-dimensional sculptures, and paintings on paper, wood or metal that are than attached to public walls.
Stretcher: Sometimes termed a chassis. It is usually a wooden frame strong enough to allow the canvas to be tautly stretched and to support the weight of the paint.
Striae: A design made of stripes that change subtly in color and/or texture in one direction.
An example of a striae design.
Strout, Gail: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Title: Melting into Water.
Materials and Techniques: Hand-dyed and commercial cloth, beads.
Stucco: Fine plaster-type material used both to cover exterior brickwork and to decorate internal walls and ceilings.
Studiolo: A small private study in a secular setting such as a house or palace.
Style Wars (Graffiti Term): (i) Competition between artists to determine superior creative ability; (ii) Documentary film on Hip Hop by Henry Chalfant and Tony Silver (RIP). Proved to be an extremely inspirational element for the New School.
Stylization: The process of making visual representations conform to a conventional model.
Deer stylization.
Stylized: A design with modified or abstracted elements that give the design a more decorative look.
Stylized woman's face and hair design.
Subject: Term for any image, which is to be reproduced or originated.
Subway-Style Graffiti (graff) (Graffiti Term): Emerged in Philadelphia and New York in the 1970s and early 1980s. Usually skilful free-hand drawing using a spray can on trains or in subways. Also known as hip-hop-style graffiti.
Sullivan, Carolyn: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Title: Seven Views 2.
Materials and Techniques: Hand embroidered over hand dyed fabrics.
Supraporte: (Italian from the Latin supra and porta meaning 'above the door.') A painting or relief, situated above the door in a room, framed to suit the door surrounds, and often forming a decorative unit with it. Especially popular in elegant Baroque and Rococo living rooms.
Sumizuri-e (Japanese): Black and white pictures.
Hirosada sumizuri-e.
Surface Pattern: A repeat pattern on a two-dimensional plane. Same as wallpaper pattern. There are exactly seventeen (17) types of surface patterns. See wallpaper groups. Similarly, there are seven (7) frieze patterns that correspond to seven types of linear patterns.
Surface Pattern Luminous.
Surimono (Printed Things - Japanese): Prints that were intended to be privately distributed and that were consequently often printed for special occasions.
Surrealism: A literary and artistic style stressing the sub-conscious and non-rationale sources of imagery; influenced by the Freudian psychology. Movement based in Paris between the First and Second World Wars that sought to access a superior reality through contact with the subconscious mind by means of dream imagery and spontaneous creation. Its chief theoretician was Andre Breton.
Artist and Title: Vladimir Kush, The Surreal landscapes (1965).
Sustris, Lambert: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Later Renaissance.
Title: Venus And Cupid (ca. 1554).
Symbol: A letter, figure or drawn sign that represents or identifies an object, process or activity.
Symbolism: The systematic use of visual symbols according to mythical, religious, literary etc. traditions.
Symbolist: A late nineteenth century school of painters (including Gauguin) who used color especially to suggest ideas and emotions.
Victor Vasnetsov, The Knight at the Crossroads (1878).
Szablewska, Gabriella: Art Category: Sculptor – Ready Mades. Art Movement: Street Art.
Artists, Title and Media: Brent Wilson and Gabriella Szablewska: Pimple My Hide. Mixed media.
Tableau Vivant: A group of figures posed motionless to represent a historical event or some other scene.
Tag or Scribble (Graffiti Term): A stylized signature, normally done in one color. The simplest and most prevalent type of graffiti, a tag is often done in a color that contrasts sharply with its background. Tag can also be used as a verb meaning "to sign". Writers often tag on or beside their pieces, following the practice of traditional artists who sign their artwork. A less common type of tag is a "dust tag", done by smudging the dirt of a wall with the fingers. Writers use this technique to get up without technically vandalizing. The verb tagging has even become a popular verb today in other types of occasions that are non-graffiti-related. Tagging first appeared in Philadelphia, with spraypainted messages of "Bobby Beck In '59" on freeways surrounding the city. Since then, individual graffiti scenes have displayed very different forms of tagging that are unique to specific regions. For example, a Los Angeles tag will look very different from a Philadelphia tag, etc. The first "king" was also crowned in Philly: Cornbread (graffiti), a student who began marking his nickname around the city to attract the attentions of a girl. In New York City, TAKI 183 inspired a newspaper article about his exploits, leading to an explosion of tagging in the early seventies.
Graffiti Tag.
Tagging-Up (Graffiti Term): The execution of a signature.
Takis, Greek: Art Category: Constructivist. Art Movement: Kinetic Art.
Tamayo, Rufino: Art Category: Muralist. Art Movement: European Barque Style.
Title: El Hombre (Man) (1953).
Tan-e (Red Lead Pictures - Japanese): Prints hand colored with tan and other pigments. They were popular from 1670 to 1720.
Tanguy, Yves: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Surrealism.
Title: Indefinite Divisibility.
Tanzini, Amando: Art Category: Sculptor. Art Movement: Post Modernism.
Sculpture of a horse.
Tanroku-Bon (Pink and Green Books - Japanese): Printed books from the early part of the seventeenth century that were hand-colored with tan (pink) and roku (green). Yellow and purple were also used.
Tanzaku (Japanese): Half ōban size. The sizes includes: ō-tanzaki (15 x 6.75 inches: 38 x 17 cm) and chu-tanzaku (15 x 5 inches: 38 x 13 cm).
Tanzaku, Square Piece of Japanese Paper.
Tapestry: (French for 'wall carpet.') The name of a woven, embroidered, or knitted wall hangings or furniture coverings with pictorial decorations. The technique of threading the trapestry design into warp with various shades of yarn to create a picture is one of the oldest textile inventions. Objects found in the tomb of Pharaoh Tuthmosis confirm that this particular technique was known at least as early as 1400 B.C. It was developed futher, and the art of carpet-weaving peaked in the major Gobelin and carpet-weaving centers in France under Louis XIV (1638-1715) and Louis XV (1710-1774).
Tapaya, Tjunkaya: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movements: Traditional Aboriginal Art - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Untitled (full view).
Tapestry: A weft-faced fabric in which the pattern is woven with colored weft threads.
Arthur Boyd. Untitled (design for the Great Hall Tapestry) Parliament House, Australia.
Tapies, Antoni: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Gray relief on black.
Tatlin, Vladimir: Art Category: Constructivist. Art Movement: Relief Construction.
Description: Monument to the Third International (1919-20).
Tattersall: A relatively small-scale check pattern (smaller than windowpane) produced by regularly spaced, evenly colored thin lines on a usually light ground.
Tattersall pattern cloth.
Techne: Greek term for technical skill in making and resetting.
Technical Illustration: A specialist branch of graphic design dealing with illustrations of all types depicting technical machines, systems and processes.
Tectonic: Pertaining to architecture and construction; one of Wolffin’s categories meaning “closed-form”, where it applies to painting and sculpture, too.
Tectonic architecture - spatial model.
Teiten (Japanese): Abbreviation for Teikoku bijutsu tenrankai meaning Imperial Art Exhibition.
Temmam, Mohamed: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Expressionism.
Title: L'Homme en Bleu (1968).
Tempera: A type of paint whose medium or binder is egg yolk, glue or casein; water soluble until it dries.
Terbrugghen, Hendrick: (1588 Deventer - 1629 Utrecht). Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: 17th Century Painters.
Title: The Duet (1628).
He was like Honthorst, a student of Abraham Bloemaert and a representative of the Utrecht Caravaggists. He spent the years between 1604 and 1614 mainly in Rome and Naples. It is possible that he met Caravaggio in person. Back in Utrecht, he joined its Guild of Atists in 1616. Terbrugghen, whose only known works date from the 1620s, painted numerous genre pictures and religious works, which are typified by a light, muted color palette and soft lines.
Terra-Cotta: A reddish brown baked clay used for earthen ware, sculpture and building construction, as in terra cotta titles, pies and fire insulation.
Tessellations: A repeat pattern composed of interlocking shapes that can be extended infinitely.
Triangle tessellations.
Tessera: A small vitreous or ceramic cube or a stone; one of the units of a mosaic. That is, any small object used in constructing a mosaic.
Tesserae: Pieces of colored glass, stone or ceramic used in making mosaics.
Textile Art: Artwork that utilizes textiles as its medium (see definition of Artwork and ArtCloth). Note: Textiles also embraces all woven media.
Technique, Martials and Artist: Disperse Dye ArtCloth Works. Artist: Marie-Therese Wisniowski.
Textile Design: The art and science of designing for fabrics. Typically (but not always) involves the creation of repeat patterns. Specifications differ drastically depending on application (contract, apparel, home furnishings, etc.), technology (printed, woven, etc.), and other considerations. Commonly done with software.
Marie-Therese Wisniowski's - "Oh Marilyn 1" - digitally printed by Spoonflower.
The Buff (Graffiti Term): The MTA's (New York) graffiti removal program.
Theme: A subject matter for a design or collection; for example, a Christmas theme or a pets theme.
Thiriet, Henri: Art Category: Printmaker. Art Movements: Art Nouveau.
Title: Exposition de blanc, a la Place Clichy.
Throw-Up (Graffiti Term): A throw-up or "throwie" sits between a tag and a bomb in terms of complexity and time investment. It generally consists of a one color outline and one layer of fill-color. Easy-to-paint bubble shapes often form the letters. A throw-up is designed for quick execution, to avoid attracting attention to the writer. Throw-ups are often utilized by writers who wish to achieve a large number of tags while competing with rival artists. Most artists have both a tag and a throw-up that are essentially fixed compared to pieces. It is mostly so because they need to have a recognizable logo for others to identify them and their own individual styles.
Throwie (Graffiti Term): Contemporary term for throw-up.
Tiffany (and Associated Artists): In the late nineteenth century in USA saw the beginning of Tiffany, a decorating company. The company designs influenced a women-only association called the “Associated Artists”, whose central figure was Candice Wheeler. Her approach to craft was similar to that of William Morris in the UK.
Wisteria Lamp made by Tiffany.
Tillers, Imants: Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: Post Modernism, Post Modern Appropriation.
Title: The Nine Shots (1985).
Tims, Ricky: Art Category: Quilter. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Quilter and Fabric designer.
Tinguley, Jean: Art Category: Constructivist. Art Movement: Kinetic Art.
Heureka_-_Zürichhorn.
Tintoretto, Jacopo Robusti: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Mannerism.
Title: Portrait of the Procurator Alessandro Gritti.
Titian (Tiziano Vecellio): (1488/1490 Pieve di Cadore - 1576 Venice). Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Renaissance.
Title: The Man With The Glove (ca. 1520-1522).
His real name is Tiziano Vecellio. He was regarded as the leading Venetian artist of the Cinquecento. One of his teachers may have been Giovanni Bellini. While his earlier works werre still influenced by Giorgione, with whom he painted the frescoes of the Fondaco dei Tedeschi in Venice in 1508/09, Titian developed his expressive style that combined shapes and spaces over the course of time. He had numerouds important clients including Emperor Charles V, who appointed him court painter in 1533, Pope Paul III, and Philip II of Spain.
Tjakamarra, Michael Nelson: Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: Traditional Aboriginal Art - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Title: Five Dreamings (1984).
Tjaltjarri, Tim Leura: Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: Traditional Aboriginal Art - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Title: Butterfly Dreaming (1972).
Tjapaltjarri, Clifford Possum: Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: Traditional Aboriginal Art - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Description: Men's Ceremony.
Tjukurpa: The "Tjukurpa" or "Dreamtime" or "Dreaming" as it is sometimes loosely translated into English, is fundamental to Central Australian Aboriginal life. It defines traditional aboriginal law and religion and encompasses the land and its creation and all that exists. Different language groups of Central Australia have different words and spellings for the same concepts, sometimes capitalized and sometimes not. Some of these are: Tjukurpa (Pitjantjatjara language), Altyerre (Arrernte), Jukurrpa (Warlpiri) and Tjukurrpa (Pintupi - Luritja). It is incorrect to assume that all aboriginal groups in Australia have "Dreamings" or even similar "Dreamings" to those in Central Australia.
Title, Artist and Technique: Rupert Jack Moses-ku.Tjukurpa. Acrylic on Canvas (2014).
Tobey, Mark: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Fellow Traveller to Abstract Expressionism.
Title and Technique: The Grand Parade. lithograph.
Toile De Jouy: A decorating pattern on a scenic, pastoral, or floral theme usually printed in one color on a light or white ground. Originated in 18th century France. Often abbreviated to 'toile.'
Title: Tissu Délices des Quatre Saisons Rouge Toiles de Joug.
Tonal Blending: In painting, modeling a form by changes in tones of a single color instead of changes in hue.
Tondo: Circular painting, cameo or medallion.
Tondo - Bartolini.
Top-to-Bottom: Pieces on trains that cover the whole height of the car. A top-to-bottom, end-to-end combined production is called a whole-car. A production with several writers might cover a whole-train, which means the entire side of the train has been covered. In the US this term can also be used as a single noun instead of only an adjective.
Toorop, Jan: Art Category: Painter Art Movements: Post-Impressionism, Symbolism-Art Nouveau.
Title: The Dunes and the Sea at Zoutlande.
Toose, Kirry Art Category: Fashion Art. Art Movement: Wearable Art.
Title: Infinite Solace.
Materials and Techniques: Metallic silk/synthetic, assorted silks and synthetic fabrics. Polyester tubing, memory wire. Piping and rouleaux, handmade roses, machine digitising.
Tossed: A design in which elements (for example flowers) are scattered randomly within the unit of repeat. Also called random layout.
Tossed Layout.
Totem: The protective creature, usually an animal or bird, to which a clan believes itself related; the emblem which represents clan or family.
Totem Pole: A carved and painted wooden post showing figures of totemic protection or ancestors.
Australian Aboriginal totem poles.
Toulouse-Lautrec: Art Category: Painter, Printmaker. Art Movement: Art Nouveau, Caricature.
Title: Divan-Japonais.
Toy (Graffiti Term): (i) Used as an adjective to describe poor work, or as a noun meaning an inexperienced or unskilled writer. Graffiti writers usually use this as a derogatory term for new writers in the scene, or writers who are old to the scene and still do not have any skill or reputation. The act of "toying" someone else's graffiti is to disrespect it by means of going over it (see "slash"/"going over"); (ii) "Toys" often added above or directly on a "toy" work. An acronym meaning, "tag over your shit"; (iii) A small felt tip marker.
Tracery: The ornamental framework of interlacing stone, wood, or cast iron ribs supporting (or implying the support of) glass in a Gothic window.
Description: Decorated Style. Traceried window 14th Century.
Transitional: A naturalistic design that is highly stylized, but still showing some recognizable elements.
Transitional designed living room.
Trapping: One semi-transparent color falling on another to produce a third color. Also called fall-on.
Trapunto: A type of quilting in which the fabric layers are stitched together with a design, after which some or all areas of the design are stuffed to create a bas-like relief.
Detail of a Tristan Trapunto Quilt (ca. 1360-1400 AD).
Trefoil: A stylized three-petal flower or a leaf with three leaflets used as a pattern motif or in an ornament, often having a heraldic or symbolic meaning. A similar four-petal motif is a quatrefoil.
Trellis: A pattern featuring a supporting structure of interwoven pieces of wood or metal (latticework) sometimes adorned with climbing vines or flowers.
Wooden rose trellis design.
Trevillian, Annie: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Naïve Realism.
Title: Treescape (detailed view).
Triptych: (Greek: triptychos meaning 'three-layered, three-fold.' From tri-, 'three' and ptyche, ptyx meaning 'fold, layer, folded object.' A three-part painting or artwork with related content in all three parts. Originally a term used for a medieval winged altar with a fixed center panel and side leaves that could be moved. Also an alter piece of three panels.
Trompe-L’Oeil: “Fool the eye” in French; a highly illusionistic method of painting as in the works of Harnett and Peto.
Fresco with Trompe-L’Oeil dome painted on low vaulting, Jesuit Church, Vienna, by Andrea Pozzo (1703).
Truckenbrod, Joan: Art Category: Cloth Artist, Digital Artist. Art Movement: Expressionism.
Title: Emerge (full view).
Trullisatio: The first coarse undercoat of fresco plastering.
Truran, Hannah: Art Category: Wearable Art. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Her wearable art evokes a fantasy futuristic world.
Tsou-Choi, Tsang: Art Category: Calligraphist. Art Movement: Graffiti.
Artist and his work.
Tungatalum, Bede: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movements: Tiwi Design - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Yarn (full view of ArtCloth).
Turner, Joseph Mallord William: (1775 London - 1851 Chelsea). Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Romantic Landscape.
Self-Portrait (age 24).
He became a student at the Royal Academy in 1789. He was made an ordinary member in 1802, and a professor of the study of perspective in 1809. His works of this time confront the art of Poussin and Lorrain. On travels through England, Scotland and Wales, France and Switzerland, Turner produced topographic sketches of the nature he saw. His style changed after visits to Italy in 1819 and 1828, and his earlier landscape impressions, which were bathed in light, were followed by visionary picture creations.
Turner, Lesley: Art Category: Cloth Artist, Soft Sculpture. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Title: Succession.
Turnover: A design in which the motif is flipped horizontally or vertically.
Turnover Pattern.
Two-Color (Counterchange) Symmetries: Symmetries that combine geometrical operations (translations, rotations, reflections, and glide reflections) with color reversals. There are exactly 46 types of two-color symmetries on the plane. See also counterchange pattern.
A counterchange pattern with the symmetry.
Two-Directional Pattern: A directional pattern that has features in two directions, typically at 90° or 180°. A design that is reversible in the top and bottom directions is also called a two-way design.
Two-directional Pattern.
Two-Way Layout: A design in which half the motifs face an opposite direction, for example, up and down. See also two-directional design.
Two-way Layout.
Uccello, Paolo: (1397 Pratovecchio, Arezzo - 1475 Florence). Trained in Lorenzo Ghiberti's studio in Florence between 1407 and 1412, and worked as his assistant on the execution of the Baptistery towers. In 1415, Uccello was accepted as a master in the Guild of Medici e Speciali to which painters also belonged. He was in Venice from 1425 to 1431, then settled in Florence. Influenced by the works of Masaccio and Donatello, Uccello devlped into the leadingf exponent of his generation of the mastery of perspective.
Uhde, Fritz von: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Impressionism.
Title: Two daughters in the garden.
Ukiyo-e (Floating Pictures - Japanese): Perspective prints.
Japanese Ukiyo-e (Pictures of the Floating World).
Unbalanced Stripes: Unbalanced stripes do not have a "center" and are asymmetrical stripes.
Underlaying Technique: Method of adding a small illustration within a larger one by sitting the larger illustration and slipping a portion of the smaller one through the slit underneath.
Underlying Color: A color printed first that becomes partially or totally hidden by a subsequent layer of color.
Underpainting: The first stage of indirect painting method; the establishment of the chief shapes, lights, darks and masses, usually with a limited palette or in monochrome.
Undersides (Graffiti Term): Tags or signatures painted on the under carriage of passenger trains. Undersides are normally marked in the yard after painting the train panel, most undersides will last somewhat longer than the original piece, as the railway workers primarily focus on the most visible things and sometimes do not have resources to clean everything.
Undertone: The color effect of a hue when tinted; the result might look like the body tone or it may show a temperature change.
Undirectional: A design that looks the same from any direction. Same as non-directional design. The opposite is a directional pattern.
Liberty Style - Non-directional (Unidirectional) Pattern.
Unity: A feeling of wholeness or completeness in a work of art. Also a coherent relationship among parts or elements of a work of art.
Unity in Fine Art. Vincent van Gogh's, Starry Night.
Up (Graffiti Term): Writers become up when their work becomes widespread and well-known. Although a writer can "get up" in a city by painting only tags (or throw-ups), a writer may earn more respect from skillfully executed pieces or a well-rounded repertoire of styles than from sheer number of tags. Usually the more spots a writer can hit, the more respect he or she gains. Usually, if the writer hits more spots with better style they will get more respect then someone who simply tags. A writers ups is determined by how much prolific graffiti he/she has accomplished. Writers are considered "up" both in terms of the number of spots they have hit, but also those that are still running.
Urban Art (Graffiti Term): Legitimate art, usually in a graffiti style, in public places; also known as “street art".
Urbiene, Jurte: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Title: Quite Alone Oasis (full view).
Urushi-e (Lacquer Picture - Japanese): Beni-e, with the addition of glue to the pigments to give a lustrous finish, often sprinkled with metallic dust or mica.
Okumura Toshinobu (active 1717–50). 'Young Lovers by Mount Fuji' (ca. 1720). Urushi-e (lacquer print).
van Baarle, Els: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Abstract Expressionism.
Title: Nothing Is The Same I & II (full view).
van der Byl, Muriel: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Aboriginal Culture.
Title: Marrinhan (1992).
Technique: Screen print on Silk.
Size: 83.0 x 110.0 cm.
van der Leck, Bart: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: de Stijl.
Title: De Drinker.
van Gogh, Vincent Willem: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Post-Impressionism.
Title: Willows At Sunset.
Vanishing Point (abb: VP): In perspective projections, point at which all parallel lines, which are also parallel to the round plane, converge on the horizon.
Vantongerloo, Georges: Art Category: Sculptor. Art Movement: de Stijl, Abstract Creation.
Title: Composition (1918).
Vasarley, Victor: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Op Art.
Title: Deny (1969).
Veduta: (Italian: 'view'). Topographical paintings and prints - especially popular in the eighteenth century. Although these were generally of real locations, the term could incorporate imaginative views as well, albeit realistically conceived.
Artist and Title: Borgo. Po 2 Veduta ideale.
Vega, Joey “Serve” Art Category: Muralist. Art Movement: Street Art.
An advertisement for the United Martial Arts School in the Bronx also doubles as an anti-drug mural. Artists: Alfredo “Per” Oyague Jr. and Joey “Serve” Vega.
Veining: Specialist technique for painting the veins on simulated marble.
Coral tan and dark veining marble faux.
Velázquez, Diego Rodriguez de Silva: (1599 Seville - 1660 Madrid). He was regarded as the main Spanish artist of the 17th century. He studied under Francisco Herrera the elder and Francisco Pacheco in Seville. His career flourished from 1627 at the court of Philip IV, peaking in 1652 when he was appointed seneschal. He traveled to Italy in 1629, presumably inspired by Peter Paul Rubens, whom he had met the year before in Madrid. A second journey followed between 1649 and 1651. Velázquez was influenced by Venetian art. He used loosely applied warm colors, blending them gently and softly.
Diego Rodriguez Velázquez, Self-portrait, ca. 1640.
Uffizi Gallery, Florence.
Vermeer, Jan: (1632 Delft - 1675 Delft). He was also known as Jan or Johannes Vermeer van Delft. He was accepted by the Guild of St. Luke of Delft as a master in 1533 while her continued. to run his father's art dealership at the same time. is oeuvre consisted of no more that 34 paintings, usually parts of bourgeois interiors that are illuminated through side windows and in which an indivdual or a few figures are engrossed in some activity. Due to his fine feeling for color and light values, which Vermeer developed from Fabritius, the Delft-born artist became the most important Dutch genre painter of the 17th century.
Vermicular: A pattern of irregular twisted lines (derived from the Latin "worm"). Also called vermiculate and vermiculated (for example vermiculated ground), seaweed, scribble, maze, and network pattern. Can be formed by dots (see stippling and pilotage).
Vermicular Pattern.
Veronese, Paolo: (1528 Verona - 1588 Venice). His real name was Paolo Calieri. Settled in Venice in 1553. From 1533 he worked in the Sala del Consigli dei Dieci in the doge's palace, and around 1555-1570 on paintings in the church of San Sebastian. After a trip to Rome he produced famous frescoes in the Villa Barbaro in Maser near Treviso ca. 1561/62. The artist oeuvre, which belongs to the Late Renaissance (with Titian and Tintoretto he was one of the three great Venetian painters of the Cinquecento), consists of ceiling frescoes, altar panels, mythological stories, and portraits.
Verstegen, Clare: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Title: Atmospheric Patterns.
Materials and Techniques: Wool felt, pigments, clay, wood, heat transfer.
Vexta: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Street Art.
She was a wild warrior (2010).
Mixed media on canvas.
Victorian Style: The style prevalent in architecture and design in Britain during the regain of Queen Victoria (1837-1901). Usually characterized by a profusion of elaborate surface decoration and glittering effects, it was often associated with shoddy materials and industrial processes. The term is sometimes used to designate similar styles of architecture and design current elsewhere (for example in the USA) during this period.
Victorian Style.
Vigée-Lebrun, Elisabeth-Louise: (1755 Paris - 1842 Paris). She studied under her father, the watercolorist Louis Vigée, and under Gabriel Doyen and Fabriel Briad. In 1778 she married the wealthy artist and art dealer Lebrun. In 1779, at the age of 24, she was appointed court artist by Marie-Antoninette. During the years of the Revolution she traveled to Rome, and then to Vienna, Berlin, Dresden, St. Petersburg, and London. She did not return to Paris until 1809, by which time she had become a highly successful and valued portraitist to the European aristocracy.
Villion, Jacques: Art Category: Painter, Engraver. Art Movement: Cubism, Abstract Art.
Title: Maternité Bleue.
Visual: A mock up of the proposed appearance of a design or layout or presented as a rough drawing, or if more highly finished, as a presentation visual.
Viven, Louis: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Naïve Realism.
Title: Beach.
Vlaminck, Maurice: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Fauvism.
Title: The River Seine at Chatou (1906).
Vodou (Voodoo, Vodun, Voudoun): The religion of the majority of the Haitian people, which combines West African and European spiritual practices.
Voodoo Doll.
Voge, Marc: Art Category: Photography. Art Movement: Web Art.
Young-Hae Chang (Seoul) & Marc Voge (USA) - Projection Of A Web Art Project.
Vordemberge-Gildewart, Friedrich: Art Category: Painter, Sculptor. Art Movements: de Stijl, Abstraction-Creation.
Title: Composition No. 15 (1925).
Vorticism: English movement arising in 1914, marked by the expression of energy through abstract forms.
Artist and Title: Wyndham Lewis, Workshop (ca. 1914-5).
Votive Picture: (Latin, votivus meaning 'praised, blessed.') A picture donated to a saint or to God in thanks for being saved from danger, in support of a plea, or in gratitude for a prayer answered.
Vouet, Simon: (1590 Paris - 1649 Paris). He studied under his father Laurent Vouet, and was already much in demand as a portrait painter at an early age. In 1611 he traveled to Rome via Constantinople and Venice, and lived there for many years from the end of 1613. Appointedm, Peintre du Roi, he returned to Paris on the orders of Louis XIII in 1627. This date is generally regarded as the beginning of Classicaist painting in France. He produced altar panels and portraits, but from his workshop came mainly pictures of elegant Parisian residences.
Vrubel, Mikhail: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Symbolism.
Title: Six winged Seraphim (Azrail) (1904).
Vuillard, Edouard: Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: Post-Impressionism, Intimism.
Title: The Salon of Madame Aron (1911).
Wak (Graffiti Term): Substandard or incorrect.
Wall Paper (Graffiti Term): Repetition of a name written making enough coverage so that a pattern develops, much like wall paper.
Wallpaper Group cm: A symmetry type characterized by reflections and glide-reflections with parallel axes. Produces "Mirror & glide" patterns (cm patterns).
Wallpaper Group cm.
Wallpaper Group cmm: A symmetry type characterized by perpendicular reflections and perpendicular glide-reflections. Produces "Perpendicular mirrors & glide" patterns (cmm patterns).
Wallpaper Group cmm.
Wallpaper Group p1: A symmetry type represented only by translations (shifts). Produces "Simple shift" patterns (p1 patterns).
Wallpaper Group p1.
Wallpaper Group p2: A symmetry type characterized by 180° rotations (half-turns). Produces "Half-turn" patterns (p2 patterns).
Lanes Net. Wallpaper Group p2.
Wallpaper Group p3: A symmetry type characterized by 120° rotations. Produces "Three rotations" patterns (p3 patterns).
Drop Swirls - Wallpaper Group p3.
Wallpaper Group p31m: A symmetry type characterized by reflections in axes intersecting at 60° and 120° rotations. Produces "Three rotations & mirrors" patterns (p31m patterns).
Wallpaper Group p31m.
Wallpaper Group p3m1: A symmetry type characterized by reflections in axes intersecting at 60° and 120° rotations around centres that lie on the reflection axes. Produces "Three mirrors" patterns (p3m1 patterns).
Wallpaper Group p3m1.
Wallpaper Group p4: A symmetry type characterized by 90° rotations (quarter turns). Produces "Pinwheel" patterns (p4 patterns).
Wallpaper Group p4g: A symmetry type characterized by reflections and both 90° and 180° rotations. Produces "Quarter-turns & rotated mirrors" patterns (p4g patterns).
Wallpaper Group p4.
Wallpaper Group p4m: A symmetry type characterized by 90° (quarter-turn) rotations with centres on reflection axes, as in a kaleidoscope produced by three mirrors, two of which intersect at 90° and two at 45°. Produces "Quarter-turns & mirrors" patterns (p4m patterns).
Wallpaper Group p4m.
Wallpaper Group p6: A symmetry type characterized by 60° rotations. Produces "Six rotations" patterns (p6 patterns).
Wallpaper Group p6m: A symmetry created by reflections in three mirrors intersecting at 90°, 60°, and 30°. Produces "Kaleidoscope" patterns (p6m patterns).
Lattice Work.
Wallpaper Group pg: A symmetry type characterized by glide-reflections in parallel axes. Produces "Glide reflection" patterns (pg patterns).
Wallpaper Group egg: A symmetry type characterized by glide-reflections in two perpendicular axes. Produces "Double glide" patterns (egg patterns).
Wallpaper Group pm: A symmetry type characterized by reflections in parallel axes. Produces "Mirror" patterns (pm patterns).
Wallpaper Group omg: A symmetry type characterized by parallel mirrors and parallel glides that intersect at right angles. Produces "Parallel mirrors & glide" patterns (omg patterns).
Wallpaper Group mm: A symmetry type characterized by reflections in perpendicular mirrors. Produces "Double mirror" patterns (umm patterns).
Wallpaper Groups: A mathematical concept that uses symmetry to classify surface repeat patterns (repetitive designs on a two-dimensional plane). There are exactly seventeen (17) wallpaper groups that correspond to seventeen different types of surface patterns. Similarly, there are seven (7) frieze groups that correspond to seven types of linear (frieze) patterns.
Wall Paper Index.
Wallpaper Pattern: A repeat pattern on a two-dimensional plane. Same as surface pattern. There are exactly seventeen (17) types of wallpaper patterns. See wallpaper groups. Similarly, there are seven (7) frieze patterns that correspond to seven types of linear patterns.
Warhol, Andy Art Category: Printmaker. Art Movement: Pop Art.
Title: Four Campbell’s Soup Cans (1962).
Wash: A thin, semi-transparent film of paint, highly diluted with turpentine or water (as in watercolour paintings) and applied with a broad, continuous sweep of the brush.
Watercolor: Imitating effects produced by painting with watercolours (aquarelles). Often creates patterns with light, soft, and transparent gradations.
Watercolor painting of River Red Gums at the Flinders Ranges (Australia).
Watteau, Jean-Antoine: (1684 Valenciennes - 1721 Nogent-sur-Marne). He studied under Jacques-Albert Gérin in Valenciennes. He return to Paris around 1702, and continued studying under Claude Gillot and Claude Audran III. These masters introduced Watteau to the motifs of the Commedia dell'Arte and the free painting style of the arabesque. In 1717 he was accepted by the Académie Royale de Peinture et Sculpture as peintre de fêtes galantes. In 1719 and 1720 the artist, who was much in demand, worked in London. Watteau was one of the most important French painters of the 18th century.
Wax used in Art Marking: For batik or for any resist method, wax may be used as the resist medium. Wax obtained from candles or paraffin wax may be used so long as a brush or implement can apply the wax to a fabric surface. Using a tjanting tool or similar drawing implement, beeswax is often employed since it does not crackle. Most batik is done using mixtures of paraffin and beeswax. For example, a pre-mixed crackling wax will contain 30 percent beeswax and 70 per cent paraffin wax and for a non-crackling wax it is approximately 40 per cent beeswax and 60 per cent paraffin wax. More recently, environmentally friendly soy wax has been used as the preferred resist medium by several ArtCloth artists.
Artist and Materials: Angkuna Kulyuru, Raiki wara. Batik On Silk (Ernabella).
Size: 112 cm (width) x 296 cm (length).
Wearable Art: It is “Art” when placed in an art context, but when it is not placed in an art context, its functionality obscures the act of engagement and so may only satisfy the first and third necessary conditions of artwork (see definition of Artwork).
The wearable art of Jenny Kee.
Wesselman, Tom: Art Category: Collage. Art Movement: Pop Art.
Bedroom Painting 9.
Weyden, Rogier van der: (ca. 1399 Tournai - 1484 Brussels). He was also known as Rogelet de la Pasture. He studied under Robert Campin from 1427. In 1435/36 he was city painter in Brussels. On a pilgrimage to Rome in 1450, he worked in Ferrara, and probably in Florence. Rogier's is the art of a van Eyck and master of Remalle, who was often identified with Campin, but spurned their realism in favor of an overall greater stylization of shape, as is revealed by his slim, elegant figures. His works are carefully balanced compositions of space and surface.
Whistler, James Abbot McNeill: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: American Aesthetic Painter and Engraver.
The Little Rose of Lyme Regis (1895).
Wiener Wekstätte: Founded in Austria by Otto Wagner, as a follow on from the Vienna Succession at the same time as Art Nouveau. The fabrics were hand-printed for fashion and interiors, and influenced by Gustav Klimt, who reflected the textiles in his paintings.
Josef Hoffmann, Wasserorgel, Seide, Wiener Werkstätte (1912).
Weiss, Marcia L.: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Dialogue II (2011).
Whole Car (Graffiti Term): A single or collaborative piece that covers the entire visible surface of a train car, usually excluding the front and rear of the train. A whole car is usually worked upon by either a single artist or several artists from the same crew and is completed in one sitting.
Whole Train: All train cars (usually between four and eight or more, regardless of the train length) completely covered with paint reaching the far end of the train on one or both sides. Such demanding actions are often done by multiple artists or crews and with a limited variation of colors – commonly in black and silver – because of the stressing time limitation they are facing when painting in the train yards (very often less than 30 minutes). However the more artists who participate, the better works can come out of it and the cars are done quicker too. This type of graffiti, if finished successful, is one of the most respected forms amongst other writers, but is also rarer due to the higher risk of getting caught. it has also been known that 'crews' of graffiti artists would demonstrate their 'whole cart/train' skills, usually carried out by waiting at a train/metro stop or station, waiting for the train to approach. then when stopped quickly cover the full area of the cart, this can be finished within 2 minutes of the train pulling into the station.
Wildstyle (Graffiti Term): (i) Graffiti with text so stylized as to be difficult to read, often with interlocking, three-dimensional type.
Wildstyle on a truck in Paris.
(ii) Bronx crew from the 1970s led by Tracy 168; (iii) Classic film on Hip Hop culture directed by Charlie Ahearn.
Williams, Lorraine: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Traditional Aboriginal Art - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Title: Rainbow Serpent Dreaming.
Wilson, Bret: Art Category: Sculptor – Ready Mades. Art Movement: Street Art.
Brent Wilson and Gabriella Szablewska. It's the Thought That Counts. Mixed media.
Window-Down (Graffiti Term): Used mostly as a prefix for a whole car (other variations are possible too) where the content has been painted below the window borders, almost always covering the whole surface in its length (see end-to-end). Can be used as a more precise alternative to the mentioned term within the brackets, but though not in addition to top-to-bottom as that will exceed the definition of the term.
Window-Down.
Winters, Cherie: Art Category: Printmaker. Art Movement: Expressionism.
Perched.
Wisniowski, Marie-Therese: Art Category: Printmaker, Cloth Artist. Art Movements: Primitive Art, Environmental Art, Post Graffiti, Socio-Political Art.
Title: Blossoms Falling - Lotus Rising (2009).
Category: Environmental Art.
Wols (Wolfgang Schultze): Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Title: Stringed Instrument (1942).
Wolseley, John Art Category: Printmaker. Art Movement: Landscape.
Woodgraining: Technique used to imitate the characteristic markings of a variety of woodgrains.
Woodblock Graffiti (Graffiti Term): Artwork painted on a small portion of plywood or similar inexpensive material and attached to street sign posts with bolts. Often the bolts are bent at the back to prevent removal.
An example of Woodblock Graffiti.
Wreath: A ring-shaped intertwined garland of flowers or leaves, often with ribbons and/or other decorations.
Wright, Joseph: (1734 Derby - 1797 Derby). He was known as Joseph Wright of Derby, and was a student of the London-based portaitist, Thomasd Hudson. He lived in his hometown of Derby, apart from a few brief sojourns in Liverpool (1768-1770), Italy (1773-1775), and Bath (1775-1778). His well-known scientific society pieces gained their effectiveness from the Caravaggist-inspired lighting. His landscapes, which were executed in shades of green and brown, hinted at the emerging style of Romanticism.
Wright, Wendy: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Abstract Expressionism.
Then Came the Rain.
Panel 1 - Before the Rain.
Panel 2 - During the Rain.
Panel 3 - Desert Transformations.
Silk. Dying, painting, machine and hand embroidery.
Writer (Graffiti Term): A practitioner of writing, a graffiti artist.
Wyeth, Andrew: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Figurative Realism.
Title: Wind from the Sea (1947).
Yakusha-e (Japanese): Actor pictures.
Yakusha-e: Kabuki prints, a continuing tradition. Kunichika
Yamato-e (Pictures of Yamato - Japanese): Classical school of Japanese painting.
Scene from The Ivy (Yadorigi), Chapter 49 of the Tale of Genji.
Yerka, Jacek Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Magical Surrealism.
Title: Gingerbread Reef.
Technique: Drawing (Pastel).
Yōga (Western Style Painting - Japanese): A style based on European painting, which used oil paints on canvas.
Yōga style painting of the Meiji period by Kuroda Seiki (1893).
Yoko-e (Horizontal Picture; also called Yoko-Ban - Japanese): Prints with a horizontal format.
Kuniyoshi Utagawa, 'At the Shore of the Sumida River.'
Yoko-e, a print in horizontal or "landscape" format.
Yokohama-e (Yokohama Pictures - Japanese): Late style of ukiyo-e, which was popular between 1860 and 1880 and which illustrated scenes of Yokohama in the late Edo and early Meiji period.
Yokohama-e: 19th-Century Prints of Americans in Japan.
Yore, Paul: Art Category: ArtCloth. Art Movement: Symbolism.
Title: This moment is critical.
Technique: Appliqué, embroidery and beading, found objects/material, beads, buttons, sequins, felt, wool, cotton thread.
Young, Marie: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movements: Traditional Aboriginal Art - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Untitled.
Technique: Handpainted Silk.
Young, Marlene: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Aboriginal Dreamtime.
Title: Brabralung Dreaming (1995).
Material and Technique: Painted on Silk.
Size: 295.5 x 116.0 cm.
Young, Ray: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Traditional Aboriginal Art - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Title: Barramundi.
Artist: Gabriel Maralngurra and Ray Young - Barramundi.
Technique: Screen-printed cotton twill.
Zakine, Ossip: Art Category: Sculptor. Art Movement: Surrealism.
Title: Le Poète (1942).
Zalij: The intricate geometric mosaic telework created from sets of characteristic shapes, typically cut from enamelled terracotta squares. Used as decorations outside and inside buildings. Another spelling is zillion.
Zhang, Yan Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Abstract Expressionism.
Title: Hope.
Materials and Technique: Digital print on cotton.
Zillij: The intricate geometric mosaic telework created from sets of characteristic shapes, typically cut from enamelled terracotta squares. Used as decorations outside and inside buildings. Another spelling is zalij.
Moroccan Mosaic - Zalij.
Zoomorphic: Pertaining to animal art; ascribing animal forms or attributes to humans, especially to gods and goddesses.
Zoomorphic winged beasts by smurfesque.
Zschech, Michael: Art Category: Printmaker. Art Movement: Expressionism.
Greetings from Sisters Beach, Tasmania.
Zurbarán, Francisco de: (1598 Fuente de Cantos - 1664 Madrid). He studied under Pedro Diaz de Villanueva in Seville. He settled in Llerena in 1617, but received most commissions from Seville, so he moved there. His career peaked in 1630s: he worked for Philip IV at the court of Madrid from 1634-1636, and then completed his most important picture cycles for various monasteries. From about 1645, Zurbarán was increasing sidelined by Murillo. He moved to Madrid in 1658, hoping for more commissions.
References:
[1] A. Fritz and J. Cant, Consumer Textiles, Oxford University Press, Melbourne (1986).
[2] P. Lambert, B. Staepelaere and M. G. Fry, Color and Fiber, Schiffer Publishing Ltd., Pennsylvania (1986).
[3] N. Hollen and J. Saddler, Textiles, 3rd edition, Collier-Macmillan Ltd, London (1968).
[4] Ed. L.W.C. Miles, Textile Printing, Dyers Company Publication Trust, West Yorkshire (1981).
[5] E.N. Abrahart, Dyes and Their Intermediates, Pergamon Press, Sydney (1968).
[6] A. Kosloff, Textile Screen Printing, The Signs of the Times Publishing Company, Cincinnati (1966).
[7] D.W.A. Sharp, The Penguin Dictionary of Chemistry, Penguin Books Ltd, New York (1983).
[8] A. Stromquist, Simple Screenprinting, Larks Books, New york (2005).
[9] R. Adam and C. Robertson, Screenprinting, Thames & Hudson, London (2003).
[10] A. Campbell, The Designer's Handbook, MacDonald & Co., Sydney (1983).
[11] K.L. Casselman, Craft of the Dyer, University of Toronto Press, Toronto (1980).
[12] E.P.G. Gohl and L.D. Vilensky, Textile Science, Longman Cheshire, Melbourne (1989).
[13] G.H. Aylward and T.J.V. Findlay, SI Chemical Data, John Wiley and Sons, Elwood (1983).
[14] R. Mayer, The Artist's Handbook, 4th Edition, Faber and Faber, Norfolk (1982).
[15] K. Wells, Fabric Dyeing And Printing, Conrn Octopus Ltd., London (2000).
[16] A. Kornerup and J.H. Wanscher, Methuen Handbook of Colour, 3rd Edition, Eyre Methuen Ltd, London (1983).
[17] C. E. Kicklighter and R.J. Baird, Crafts - Illustrated Designs And Techniques, The Goodheart-Willcox, Company, Inc. South Holland (1986).
[18] K. Skinner, The Paint Effects Bible, Gary Allen Pty Ltd, Smithfield, Australia (2003).
[19] E.J. Gawne, Fabrics For Clothing, 3rd Edition, Chas. A. Bennett Co. Inc., Peoria, USA (1973).
[20] M.E. Ratcliffe, Fabric Painting, Salamandar Books Ltd, New York (1988).
[21] Editors A. Jeffs, W. Martensson and and P. North , Creative Crafts Encyclopedia, Octopus Books, London (1984).
[22] L. Wauchope, Silk Painting, Simon and Schuster, Sydney (1992).
[23] E.B. Feldman, Varieties Of Visual Experience, 2nd Edition, Prentice-Hall, New York (1982).
[24] J. Fish, Designing and Printing Textiles, The Crowood Press Ltd., Ramsbury (2005).
[25] A.H. Barr, Cubism and Abstract Art, Arno Press, New York (1966).
[26] D. Piper, The Illustrated History Of Art, Bounty Books (2000).
[27] N. Dyrenforth, The Technique of Batik, B.T. Batsford Ltd., London (1988).
[28] W. Caruana, Aboriginal Art, 3rd Edition, Thames & Hudson, London (2012).
[29] Editors A. Newline and Chris Uhlenbeck, Ukiyo-e To Shin Hansa, Bison Books Ltd (London) 1990.
[30] Artlandia SymmetryWorks.
{31] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_graffiti.
[32] M-T Wisniowski, personal communication (2013).
[33] G. Bartz and E. König, The Louve, Könemann (2005).
There are currently eight data bases on this blogspot, namely, the Glossary of Cultural and Architectural Terms, Timelines of Fabrics, Dyes and Other Stuff, A Fashion Data Base, the Glossary of Colors, Dyes, Inks, Pigments and Resins, the Glossary of Fabrics, Fibers, Finishes, Garments and Yarns, Glossary of Art, Artists, Art Motifs and Art Movements, Glossary of Paper, Photography, Printing, Prints and Publication Terms and the Glossary of Scientific Terms, which has been updated to Version 3.5. All data bases will be updated from time-to-time in the future.
Glossary of Art, Artists, Art Motifs and Art Movements is highly focused, containing definitions and terms pertinent to the specific categories in the title and moreover, including artists in such diverse media as ArtCloth, Art Quilts and Printmaking. The choice is selective otherwise this glossary would quickly become unmanageable. It is limited to those whose artwork I have enjoyed and those feature on this blogspot rather than those whose works are well known.
If you find any post on this blog site useful, you can save it or copy and paste it into your own "Word" document etc. for your future reference. For example, Safari allows you to save a post (e.g. click on "File", click on "Print" and release, click on "PDF" and then click on "Save As" and release - and a PDF should appear where you have stored it). Safari also allows you to mail a post to a friend (click on "File", and then point cursor to "Mail Contents On This Page" and release). Either way, this or other posts on this site may be a useful Art Resource for you.
The Art Resource series will be the first post in each calendar month. Remember - these Art Resource posts span information that will be useful for a home hobbyist to that required by a final year University Fine-Art student and so undoubtedly, some parts of any Art Resource post may appear far too technical for your needs (skip over those mind boggling parts) and in other parts, it may be too simplistic with respect to your level of knowledge (ditto the skip). The trade-off between these two extremes will mean that Art Resource posts will hopefully be useful in parts to most, but unfortunately may not be satisfying to all! The references - that were invaluable in this compilation - are given at the end of the glossary.
Glossary of Art, Artists, Art Motifs and Art Movements
Abbott, Agnes: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Traditional Aboriginal Art - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Handpainted Silk.
Abstract: Unrecognisable forms and layouts. In the textile business the word "abstract" is used to describe a non-objective motif that cannot be described in any other way.
Abstract Art: Referring to a style that relies on pure form for its effect, rather than attempting to represent any object.
Abstract Expressionism: A style of painting (mainly centered in USA in the 1950s and 1960s) emphasizing spontaneous execution, large brushing gestures, bursts of muscular energy, and non-representational imagery.
Abstraction: The essential form after superficial or changeable features have been taken away; sometimes used (incorrectly) to mean any image that does not resemble its model reality.
Abuna-e (Risqué Pictures - Japanese): Ukiyo-e, which illustrate gently erotic scenes.
Academic: The artistic approach taught in the 18th and 19th Century art academies of Europe; a philosophy of art based on bland limitations of ancient classical art; by extension, any systematic, traditional, anti-experimental type of art.
Académie Royale: (French: Royal Academy). Official name Académie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture: state run academy of art set up in Paris by Anne of Austria with support of Cardinal Mazarin, that maintained an academy with Ecole des Beaux-Arts and continues to this day. In 1666 it was expanded to include the Académie Francaise in Rome.
Acimboldo, Giuseppe (1527 - 1593, Milan): Studied under his father and worked in his studio until 1559. Court painter in Prague (1562-1587) where he produced his best known allegorial pictures in which fruit, plants, and similar objects develop stylistically into lively pictures.
Action Painting: A style in which the meaning and content of a picture relies strongly on the implied activity of the painted surface, especially the signs of brushing, spattering and dripping paint; related to abstract expressionism.
Adamson, Imiyari (Yilpi): Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Traditional Aboriginal Art - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Aerosol Art (Graffiti Term): Graffiti in which pictorial elements are incorporated into the designs, often referencing cartoon and comic book characters from popular culture.
Aesthetic: Pertaining to art theory or matters of taste and appreciation in art; the beautiful as opposed to the good, true or useful; any vivid or intense experience. Also an aesthetic: an artistic or stylistic point of view; a philosophy of art; an engagement of the senses.
Afterimage: Any phenomenon that lingers on, even though it does not actually exist.
Aging: Variety of techniques for simulating the effect of time and wear on new paint, wood or plasterwork.
Aiban (Japanese): A print size between chūban and ōban; 13.5 x 8.75 inches (34 x 22 cm).
Airbrush: (i) Pressure gun with very fine nozzle, used for graded tonal effects in artwork; (ii) Imitating effects produced with a painter's spray air gun. Often creates patterns with a light, soft, and modern look.
Aizuri-e (Blue Printed Pictures - Japanese): Prints done in shades of blue and which were seen in the prints of the late 1820s to 1840s.
Print: Aizuri-e - A courtesan holding a pipe (kisser) watches a pair of ducks, from the series "Five Modern Beauties".
Alabaster: Marble-like stone, usually white, used in sculpturing objects.
Albers, Annie: Art Category: Weaver. Art Movement: Bauhaus.
Albers, Josef: Art Category: Glass Painter. Art Movements: de Stijl, Abstract Expressionism.
Alla Prima: Italian for 'all at once'; direct painting; immediate achievement of final effects; the painting has one 'skin' rather than many layers; the opposite of indirect painting.
Alleyways: Unintentional lines formed by negative spaces (spaces vacant of motifs) in a design.
Allover: A layout in which motifs are fairly close and evenly distributed as opposed to stripes, borders, plaids, and engineered designs. Another term is overall.
Allston, Washington: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Romantic Landscape.
Anaglyph: Carving or ornament in bas-relief of a sculptured object.
Andrews, Beth: Art Category: Wearable Artist. Art Movement: Wearable Art.
Materials and Techniques: Merino fleece, wool button, industrial steel pieces; wet felted, resist, tailored, needle punched, resist dyed.
Size: 81 x 44 cm.
Angels (Graffiti Term): Famous or respected graffiti artists who have died. The people who admire them tag their names on a wall with halos above them or make tribute pieces with their faces or tag with the dates of their birth to death.
Animation: A representation of motion by series of fast changing images using different platforms (e.g. fast flicking paper, film, computers etc.)
Antependium: A structure painted or metalwork (or fabric) which hangs in the front of an altar.
Anthemion: A classical motif based on a stylized honeysuckle plant or a radiating, fan-shaped palm leaf (palette) commonly found in Greek, Egyptian, Assyrian, and other ancient art.
Appel, Karel: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Apuatimi, Declan: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movements: Tiwi Design - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Apuatimi, Jean Baptiste: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movements: Tiwi Design - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Aquarelle: Painting made using transparent water colors.
Aquatint: Etching process producing tonal effects.
Technique: Aquatint, etching.
Arabesque: Imagery that resembles the flowing interlaces of Islamic art; stylized ornamental motifs based on plants and flowers; intricate and fantastic decorative pattern of organic or geometric design.
Archaic: Primitive, antiquated or obsolete; Greek art before 17th Century BC. Also, archaic smile - the expression, almost a smile, of Greek sculptured heads before the 7th Century.
Archipenko, Alexander: Art Category: Sculptor. Art Movement: Cubism.
Architectonic: Architectural. Paintings, sculptures or craft objects that exhibit the structural or textural traits of buildings.
Arial Perspective: Creation of depth illusions in painting through the use of diminishing intensity of colors, the use of cooler colors for distant objects, softening of edges and blurring of focus.
Armature: The skeleton or framework inside a wax or clay (usually) sculpture; it supports the work while it is being modeled.
Arp, Hans: Art Category: Sculptor, Painter. Art Movement: Dada, Abstraction-Creation.
Arriccio: In fresco practice, the plaster coat which underlies the final painting coat; traditionally composed of lime and sand. In English, brown coat.
Ars Sacra: Literally “scared art”. The phrase was used as a title of an exhibition of early medieval art held in Bonn in 1949, but has, thanks to the book – The Oxford History of Western Art (Peter Lakos, 1972) - more recently have been applied to small-scale arts of metalworking and ivory carving of the period.
ArtCloth: ArtCloth was a term invented by Jane Dunnewold at the dawn of the 21st Century. It must satisfy the three necessary conditions that circumscribe artwork. It has been widely used to embrace a myriad of “Art” that utilizes cloth as its medium.
Art Coordinator: The manager or administrator of an Australian Aboriginal arts center, usually employed from outside the local community and answerable to an Aboriginal committee of artists.
Art Deco: Style of decorative art of the 1920s and 1930s, characterized by smooth lines, bold colors, minimalist designs, and the use of new materials, such as tubular steel, plate glass and plastic.
Art Nouveau: French for “new art” (Judendstil in German); highly decorative style of the 1890s that emerged from Europe and the USA; emphasis on the whiplash curve, rich color, flat patterns, floral ornamentation, vertical attenuations.
Art Paper: Paper with a hard, smooth surface caused by an even coating of china clay compound on one or both sides.
Arts and Crafts Movement: A tendency originating in England around 1860 (and particularly associated with William Morris) that also manifested itself elsewhere in Europe and the USA. It was characterized by a belief in “truth to materials”, honesty of form, and integrity of decoration, and was frequently associated with a commitment to hand-craft (rather than mechanized) means of production.
Artwork - The Three Necessary Conditions: There are three necessary (as opposed to definitions) that all artworks possess: (i) they need to be 'engaged'; (ii) they are non-functional, and (iii) they are aesthetic.
Aslett, Katelyn: Art Category: Wearable Artist. Art Movement: Wearable Art.
Materials and Techniques: Merino, silk; hand dyed, hand felted.
Assemblage: Creation of imagery by aggregation of different materials, often fragments of other recognizable images and objects.
Assemblages: Three-dimensional collages made from objects such as stones, scraps of wood, parts of a clock or any material which has bulk.
Asymmetrical Pattern: A pattern lacking visible signs of symmetry, such as rotation or reflection.
Asymmetry: The absence of symmetry in a motif or pattern. See Asymmetrical Pattern.
Atlas, Telamon: Male statue used as a column, as in an ancient Greek temple.
Atos (Tag): Art Category: Spray-can Artist. Art Movement: Graffiti.
Auerbach, Frank: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Expressionism Revisited.
Aurum Mussivum: Mosaic gold.
Australian Tapestry Workshop: Formerly known as the Victorian Tapestry Workshop, was formed in 1976 and is situated in South Melbourne. The Workshop initially began with weaving small tapestries in scale and restricted in complexity of design in order to develop a reservoir of expertise in weaving. However, within a dozen years the weavers produced a stunning and highly complex tapestry for the Australian Federal Parliament based on Robin Boyd's design (see below).
Designer: Arthur Boyd.
Interpretation: Leonie Bessant.
Weavers: Leonie Bessant, Sue Corsairs, Irene Creedon, Robyn Daw, Owen Hammond, Kate Hutchinson, Pam Joyce, Peta Meredith, Robyn Mountcastle, Joy Smith, Jennifer Sharp, Irja West.
Autographic: (i) Mark made on a fabric by hand; (ii) Revealing or seeming to reveal an artist’s hand or touch.
Autographic Positive: Positive made by painting or drawing opaque marks on a transparent or translucent substrate.
Avant-Garde: French word for those who are advanced, 'ahead of the times'; artists who point out the direction others will follow.
Avery, Milton: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Landscape Abstraction.
Awely: An Alyawarr and Anmatyerr word (Aboriginal languages) meaning women's designs and ceremonies; Anmatyerr is spoken by many of the artists from the Utopia region (Australia).
Awning Stripes: A pattern of relatively wide, even, usually vertical stripes of solid color on a lighter ground. Resembles the pattern on awning fabrics.
Axes: (pl. axis) Imaginary line defining the center of an object around which the object rotates or is symmetrical on a flat plane; that is, the central line, real or imaginary, around which parts of a work of art are composed and balanced.
Axonometric Projections: Orthographic projections in which the object is inclined in relation to the picture plane, as distinct from 'multi-view projections.' There are basically three forms – see figure below.
Background: The part of a design that appears to be farthest from the viewer and behind the objects of interest. Can be a solid color, texture, random objects or another pattern (patterned ground). Also called ground. Opposite of foreground.
Background Art: Part of a design such as a pattern or texture forming a background for type and illustration.
Background (Graffiti Term): The picture plane onto which a piece is painted.
Backjump (Graffiti Term): A quickly executed throw up or panel piece. Backjumps' are usually painted on a temporarily parked train or a running bus.
Back to Back (Graffiti Term): Graffiti that covers a wall from end to end, as seen on some parts of the West-Berlin side of the Berlin Wall. Similarly, trains sometimes receive end-to-end painting when a carriage has been painted along its entire length. This is often abbreviated as e2e. End to ends used to be called window-downs but this is an older expression that is falling from popularity.
Bacon, Francis: Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: Surrealism, Subjective Expressionism.
Bagley, Roshannah: Art Category: Surface Design. Art Movement: Digital.
Baker, Nyukana: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Traditional Aboriginal Art - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Bakst, Leon: Art Category: Wearable Artist. Art Movement: Wearable Art.
Balance: In a layout or design, an arrangement that is visually pleasing.
Balanced Design: A design with no line-ups, alleyways, or holes.
Balanced Stripes: A symmetrical layout, in which colored bands are arranged around a center.'
Baldovinitti, Alesso (1425 - 1499, Florence): He was an important exponent of the early Renaissance in his home town. He followed the example of his teachers: namely Domenico Veneziano, Fra Angelico, Andrea del Castagno and Piero della Francesca, whose achievements he linked at high level. Later artist such as Ghirlandaio, Pollaiuolo and Verrocchio were inspired by his works.
Baldung, Hans: Known as 'Grien (1484/85? Schwäbisch-Gmünd - 1545 Stasbourg) probably trained somewhere on the Upper Rhine and was an apprentice to Dürer in Nuremberg in 1503/07. Established himself as a master in Nuremberg in 1510. In Freiburg i. Br. 1512-1518. Although his religious paintings were rooted in the Middle Ages, his mythological and allegorical motifs and nudes were evidence of his humanistic thinking.
Balla, Giacomo: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Futurism.
Balthus, Joan Miro: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Realism.
Bancroft, Bronwyn: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Aboriginal Culture.
Lani Durland Studio, Sydney (Australia).
Technique: Screen print on Cloth.
Size: 314.0 x 145.5 cm.
Banker: Sculptor's work bench.
Banksy: Art Category: Stencil Artist. Art Movement: Graffiti.
Barbican School: Group of 19th Century French artists who delighted in landscapes for their own sake.
Bardayal, Lofty: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Traditional Aboriginal Art - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Screen-printed cotton twill.
Baren (Japanese): A circular pad that was wrapped in a sheath of bamboo fiber and which was used in the woodblock printing process.
Barlach, Ernst: Art Category: Sculptor. Art Movement: Neo-Classical.
Barnett, Margret: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Abstract Color-Field.
Materials and Techniques: Three meters silk satin, orinui shibori, dye.
Baroque: (Porttuguese barocco meaning 'small stones, not round'). Europeaan style period between the end of Mannerism (ca. 1600) and the beginning of Rococo (ca. 1720/30). Originally a goldsmithing term, where 'barcco' is an uneven pearl. It was characterized by irregularity of form, illusions of infinite space, theatricality of color and lighting, grandiose gestures, over life-size figuration.
Base Artwork: Artwork requiring the addition of other elements.
Basrelief (bassorelievo, low relief): Sculpture in which the figures project only slightly from the background.
Bask, Leon: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Symbolism.
Base Relief: Three-dimensional design in which the image stands in shallow relief from a flat background.
BAT: Perfect proof passed by an artist as a standard against which prints in an edition will be compared.
Batik: Method of printing on cloth using a series of wax deposits, which are added one by one between a series of dyeing operations.
Batik Printing: Batik printing is a resist printing in that it employs a waxy material or special paste to prevent the dye from penetrating the fabric.
Bauchant, Andre: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Naïve Realism.
Bauhaus: The school of art and industrial design founded in 1919 by Walter Gropius to promote the unity of all arts; closed by the Hitler regime in 1933. See post on this blog spot.
Baya: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Expressionism.
Bazille, Federic: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Impressionism.
Baziotes, William: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Abstract Color-Field.
Bead and Reel: A decorative motif consisting of oval or round shapes ("beads") alternating with elongated or cylindrical shapes ("reels").
Beardmore, Rebecca: Art Category: Printmaker. Art Movement: Abstract Expressionism.
Beardsley, Aubrey: Art Category: Painter, Drawer. Art Movement: Art Nouveau.
Beckmann, Max: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: German Expressionism.
Beehler, Laura: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Abstract Expressionism.
Beeston, Larry: Art Category: Weaver - see below.
Beeston, Mary Art Category: Tapestry Designer. Art Movement: Post Modernism.
Belling, Rudolf: Art Category: Sculptor. Art Movement: Neo-Impressionism.
Bellini, Jacopo: Bellini, Jacopo (1400 Venice - 1470/71 Venice), father of Giovanni Bellini. Studied under Gentile da Fabriano. Followed his teacher to Florence from 1423 to 1425. Worked mainly in Venice. His style marked the transition in Venetian art from soft medieval style to early Renaissance. Also an important sketcher, as is evident from his books of sketches on display in the Louvre.
Bellows, George: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Urban Realism.
Benday Prints: A series of mechanical tints in the form of celluloid sheets that are used in block making and lithography to add texture, shading and detail to line drawings.
Title: Nude with Blue Hair.
Note: the bendy dots in the print.
Bengal Stripes: Stripes of apparently the same width and alternating light and dark colors. Bengal stripes are usually wider than candy stripes, but narrower than awning stripes. Commonly used in wallpaper, upholstery, and shirtings. Originated in India and became popular during the Regency era in the United Kingdom. Also called Regency stripes and tiger stripes.
Beni-e (Red [beni] Pictures - Japanese): Prints in which beni (red) was applied by hand to a black and white print.
Hosoban, beni-e, hand-colorer woodblock print (1730-1735).
Size: 27 x 14.4 cm.
Benigirai-e (Red-Hating Picture - Japanese): A print with no red (pink) pigments.
Benizuri-e (Pink Printed Pictures - Japanese): Prints using pale pastel shades; they are principally found in prints of the 1970s.
Benn, Claire: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Abstract Expressionism.
Benner, Ulrieke: Art Category: Wearable Artist. Art Movement: Wearable Art.
Materials and Techniques: Merino wool, silk and nuno techniques.
Size: 91.1 cm long.
Bennett, June: Art Category: Soft Sculpture. Art Movement: Modernism.
Materials and Techniques: Carved wood, machine appliqué, felt, recycled doilies, knitted and crocheted pieces glued, dyed with tea and coffee. Mounted on granite plinth.
Benois, Alexandre: Art Category: Painter, Wearable Art. Art Movement: Symbolism, Wearable Art.
Benson, Regina: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Benyahialger, Samta: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Mixed Media: Pearls, Nylon and Tulle.
Berger, Otti: Art Category: Weaver. Art Movement: Bauhaus.
Bernini, Gianlorenzo: (Giovanni Lorenzo; 1598 Naples - 1680 Rome). He studied under his father, a sculptor and painter, and accompanied him to Rome in 1605. Initially sponsored by the Borghese family, then became the papal sculptor and architect under the popes Urban VIII, his main sponsor, and Innocent X, Alexander VII, and Clement IX. His extensive sculptural oeuvre included works in every style. Played a key role in determining the Baroque appearance of the city of Rome as the designer of St. Peter's Basilica and of other churches and a number of fountains.
Biedermeier Style: A term first used in the 1850s to characterize an unpretentious bourgeois style of furniture and interior decoration found particularly in Germany and Austria from about 1815 to 1848.
Bijinga (Beautiful Women - Japanese): Bijinga were pictures of beautiful women.
Bingham, George Caleb: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Romantic Landscape.
Binder: Adhesive: glue in colorants that holds paints to a surface.
Bio (tag): Art Category: Muralist. Art Movement: Street Art.
Birkle, Christine: Art Category: Wearable Artist. Art Movement: Wearable Art.
Materials and Techniques: Merino wool, cotton.
Various sizes.
Bite (Graffiti Term): To steal another artist's ideas, name, lettering or color schemes. Seasoned artists will often complain about toys that bite their work.
Black Book (Graffiti Term): A graffiti artist's sketchbook. Also known as a "piece book." It is often used to sketch out and plan potential graffiti, and to collect tags from other writers. It is a writer's most valuable property, containing all or a majority of the person's sketches and pieces. A writer’s sketchbook is carefully guarded from the police and other authorities, as it can be used as material evidence in a graffiti vandalism case and link a writer to previous illicit works.
Blending: A technique of producing seamless patterns by smoothing away boundaries between neighbouring units of repeat.
Blending Brush: See softening brush.
Blockbusters or Blockies (Graffiti Term): Straight letter style, simple throw ups with a minimal use of colour that covers up the work of other writers.
Block In: To sketch in the main areas and reference points of an image as preparation for a drawing or design.
Block Out: A masking material used to cover areas of the screen that are not to be printed.
Block Printing: Wood, linoleum, rubber, metal or compositional blocks etc. are used for reproducing designs on textiles.
Block Repeat: A layout in which the repeating unit appears directly on a horizontal line to the left or right of the original design unit. Also called square repeat, straight-across repeat, and straight repeat.
Bloom: A foggy, whitish (or blue-white) dull surface effect, which forms on varnished pictures or other vanished objects.
Blotch: An irregular area of foreground or background color around the motif.
Blotch Printing: A process in which an open screen is used, where the dyestuff covers the entire surface of the fabric.
Boccioni, Umberto: Art Category: Sculptor, Painter. Art Movement: Futurism.
Bocklin, Arnold: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Romanticism.
Bomb (Graffiti Term): To bomb or hit is to paint many surfaces in an area. Bombers often choose to paint throw-ups or tags instead of complex pieces, as they can be executed more quickly.
Bonington, Richard Parkes: (1801 Arnold, near Nottingham - 1828 London). Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: French Landscape. He was a trailblazer of realistic landscape art. Studied watercolor in Calais. He went to Paris in 1818, where he met Théodore Géicault and Eugéne Delacroix. Found early success in France, but returned ill from a journey to Italy in 1828 and died a short while later. His feeling for nature and the freshness and the spontaneity of his style influenced Constable and ther Barbizon School.
Bonnard, Pierre: Art Category: Painter, Printer. Art Movements: Post-Impressionism, Intimism.
Border Design: A pattern designed to run lengthwise along the edge of the fabric or wallpaper.
Bosch, Hieronymus: (c.a. 1450 s'Hertogenbosh - 1516 s'Hertogenbosch). Born Hieronymus van Aken into a family of artists. Was famous in his own time, and received important commissions for painting, stained glass windows, and decorative works. His usually religious works are noted for an independent, hard to catagorize symbolism. They reflect the gray, extravagant fanatasies of seriously frightened people. The effect is reinforced by peculiar creatures that turn into grotesques, and are also satrical portayals of customs and manners of his time.
Bostock, Euphemia: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Aboriginal Culture.
Technique: Screen print on Silk Taffeta.
Size: 300.0 x 120.0 cm.
Botanical: A pattern design showing realistic representation of herbs, garden plants, and other botanical objects. Also a design based on botanical illustrations.
Boteh: A stylized teardrop-shaped design originally on shawls from Kashmir and mass-produced in Paisley, Scotland. Same as paisley.
Botticelli, Sandro: (1444 Florence - 1510 Florence). Born Alessandro di Mariano Filipepi. Worked mainly in his hometown. Student of Lipi, and strongly influenced by Verrocchio and Pollaiuolo. Botticelli developed an atmospheric, antique style of mythological pictures. Received important motivation from the circle of Humanists around Lorenzo dé Medici, his main client.
Boucher, Francois: (1703 Paris - 1770 Paris). One of the main exponents of Rococo in France. Influenced most by his teachers, Lemoyer and Watteau. His sparkling career at the Academy commenced after a trip to Italy from 1727 to 1731, whose director he also became before being made the king's first painter in 1765. His decorative works with mythological and social motifs and his erotic pictures radiate beauty and joie de vivre that matched prevailing taste at court, but also found considerable criticism from the populace.
Boudin, Eugene: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Impressionism.
Bouras, Ammar: Art Category: Printmaker, Film Maker. Art Movement: Naïve Realism.
Bradshaw Figures: See Gwion Gwion.
Brancusi, Constantin: Art Category: Sculptor. Art Movements: Cubism, Romanian Folk Art, African Primitive Art.
Braque, Georges: Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: Cubism, Fauvism.
Brauner, Victor: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Surrealism.
Bravura: Spirited brushwork.
Breton, Andre: Art Category: Theoretician. Art Movement: Surrealism.
Brick Layout: A layout in which every second row is shifted halfway in the horizontal direction.
Brodie, Jim: Art Category: Printmaker. Art Movement: Photographic Realism.
Broken Color: Painting technique typical of Impressionism; short touches of bright color, often complementaries, place side-by-side to create a vibrating effect.
Bronzing: Producing a gold or metallic effect by applying powder to a sheet treated with special printing ink.
Brown, Donna: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Aboriginal Culture.
Technique: Painted on Silk.
Size: 115.5 x 293.0 cm.
Brown, M: Art Category: Printmaker. Art Movement: Art Nouveau.
Brownprint: Same as van Dyke print.
Bruce, Kelli: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Traditional Aboriginal Art - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Material: Marbled cotton.
Bruegel (Breugel), Pieter the Elder: (ca. 1525? Breda - 1589 Brussels). Joined the Guild of Artists in Antwerp in 1551. Traveled to Italy the following year, returning probably in 1555. Settled in Brussels in 1583 and joined the circle of Humanists around the scholar and poet Dirck Volkersten Coornhert. His landscapes were reminiscent of Patenir, the grotesqueness of them of Bosch. He made his name with his evocative farming scences, which earned him the nickname of 'Farmer Bruegel.'
Brushes: The usual tools for applying paints. They comprise three parts: the handle, the ferrule and the head. The head consists of animal bristle, usually hog's hair or in cheaper ones, nylon fibers. They come in two shapes: (i) flat heads; (ii) round heads.
Brush Strokes: Make direct marks and stokes onto a fabric. The range of brush strokes can be as varied as the types and sizes of brushes used.
Brutalism: An architectural style in 1950s featuring exposed steel and large areas of coarse, undecorated concrete; the building treated like an Expressionistic sculpture.
Buff (Graffiti Term): To remove painted graffiti with chemicals and other instruments, or to paint over it with a flat color.
Buist, Judy: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Materials and Techniques: Knitted garment sleeve, wool, fiber board, canvas, paint, tulle, fabrics, glass beads, knitted and stitched.
Bull's Eye: A pattern of concentric circles, often creating optical effects, such as movement or pulsation.
Burn (Graffiti Term): (i) To beat a competitor with a style. To rat out an accomplice or crime partner either intentionally or unintentionally; (ii) To wear out.
Burne-Jones, Edward: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Pre-Raphaelitism.
Burner (Graffiti Term): (i) A large, more elaborate type of piece. The piece could be said to be "burning" out of the wall, billboard, or train-side. Because they take so much time and effort, burners in downtown areas are more likely to be legal pieces, painted with the consent of the property owner. The early writers of New York City also did burners illegally on trains, and adventurous modern writers sometimes still do large-scale illegal pieces in heavily trafficked areas; (ii) More recently, any quick chrome bombing or throw-up.
Burning (Graffiti Term): Any work having not been removed. 'That piece is still burning on main street.'
Burri, Alberto: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Technique: Mixed media and collage.
Bury, Pol: Art Category: Constructivist. Art Movement: Kinetic Art.
Bunten (Japanese): Abbreviation for 'Monbushō bijutsu tenrankai' Ministry of Education (Art Exhibition).
Byzantine/Byzantine Icons: The art and architecture, mainly religious, of Byzantine Empire; icon paintings of sacred persons venerated in eastern Orthodox Church; style of strict frontality, little or no naturalistic modelling, rich decoration, other-worldly outlook.
Caban, Julio “Fade”: Art Category: Muralist. Art Movement: Street Art.
Artists: Julio 'Fade' Caban, Oliver 'Kazo' Rios and Jose 'Solo' Cordero.
Cabena, Carolyn: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Expressionism.
Materials and Techniques: Plant dyed recycled fabrics, hand stitched.
Calder, Alexander: Art Category: Sculptor, Painter, Constructivist. Art Movement: Abstract Sculptor – he created first mobiles that preceded Kinetic Art.
Calico: A small-scale allover floral design in bright colors originally from India. Later associated with American country-style.
Calligraphic: Pertaining to the art of beautiful writing as in scripts in Persia, China and Japan; an artistic style characterized by graceful, flowing curves.
Calligraphy: The art of fine writing, the term derived from the Greek words meaning 'beautiful hand writing.'
Note: The simple strokes and different shades of ink producing shrimps in an imagined water stream. Also, the red stamp at the bottom of the calligraphy is the stamp of the artist.
Calvary: Representation of the Crucifixion.
Camaieu: A technique of painting in monochrome, using two or three tints of the same pigment without regard to local or realistic color.
Cameo: A jewel or semi-precious stone, often with layers of different color, which has an image cut in a raised relief.
Campbell, Vonce: Art Category: Muralist. Art Movement: Street Art.
Cannon(s) (Graffiti Term): A slang term for spray paint cans. This term is thought to originate in Brooklyn, New York.
Canova, Antonio: (1757 Possagno/Treviso - 1822 Venice) He joined the workshop of sculptor Guiseppe Torretti when only 11 years of age, and later studied at the Venetian Academy of Art under Michelangelo and Gregorio Morlaiter. In 1779 he traveled to Rome, where he spent most of his working life. Canova's sensual figures, cool and elegant in satin-smooth marble, were based on those of Antiquity and were highlights of Italian Classicism.
Canvas: A heavy stiff fabric made from cotton or linen. Hair canvas is usually goat hair combined with wool, cotton or rayon, the latter three are used in the filling direction. It is a woven interfacing material that comes in various weights. The cloth is woven in such a way that the tension is evenly distributed throughout its length and breadth, thereby facilitating stretching over the stretcher. It is not suitable for dyeing.
Canvas Board: A prepared board with simulated canvas texture, suitable for oil or acrylic painting.
Cap (Graffiti Term): (i) The nozzle for the aerosol paint can, also referred to as "Tips". Different kinds are used for styles. New York Thins, Rustos, and New York Fats are the most commonly used caps; (ii) To cross out or in any other way ruin a piece made by others. Derives from a writer named "Cap" who was infamous for making throw-ups over others' pieces.
Capital: The head or topmost part of a column or pier; because of its characteristic shape and decoration, it may be called Doric, Ionic, Etruscan, or Corinthian.
Capriccio: Italian, 'caprice.' Name for all kinds of fantastic representations, usually collated randomly under a particular theme. In addition to paintings by Guiseppe Acrimboldo (1527-1593), the capriccios of Francisco da Goya (1748-1820) are the most important. Also, an imaginative or fanciful subject, such as an architectural view based on composite or totally invented buildings and/or ruins.
Caravaggio: (ca. 1571 Milan - 1610 Porto Ercole). Real name, Michelangelo Merisi, he studied under Simone Peterzano in Milan from 1584 to 1588, then worked in Caravaggio near Bergamo. From ca. 1592 he was in Rome, where he soon found sponsors at the papal court. Because of his unconventional lifestyle, he spent the last few years of his life running from Rome authorities. In addition to the highly realistic figural representation, his works are characterized by a strong element of chiaroscuro and demarcation, and this influenced countless later artists all over Europe.
Caron, Antoine: (1521 Beauvais - 1599 Paris). He was an important exponent of the School of Fontainebleau. He probably developed his typically mannered style under Abbate and Primaticcio. Catherine de' Medici, who appointed him court painter in 1581, was one of his main patrons. Typical of Caron's decorative style are his groups of figures in expansive scenes, extended and delicately moving bodies, and strong light effects.
Carpeaux, Jean-Baptise: Art Category: Sculptor. Art Movement: Neo-Classical.
Carrà, Carlo: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Futurism.
Carriere, Eugéne: Art Category: Printmaker. Art Movement: Art Nouveau.
Carroll, Alison (Milyika): Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Traditional Aboriginal Art - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Cartellino: (Italian for 'note, sign'). Strip of paper often included in religious historical picture or portraits as a trompe l'oeil with an inscription bearing the artist's signature and the year of painting or a motto.
Cartoon: (i) A full-scale preparatory drawing for a painting, mural or tapestry; (ii) a humorous sketch or caricature or series (as in a comic script) usually made for a newspaper or magazine.
Cartouche: An oblong decorative figure resembling a frame, tablet, shield, or scroll bearing an inscription or emphasizing a design element. Used as a standalone or as part of a pattern's motif. On ancient Egyptian monuments, an enclosure for royal and divine names.
Caryatid: Female statute used as a column, as in an ancient Greek temple.
Cassat, Mary: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: American Impressionism.
Castle, Lyn: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Naïve Realiasm.
Technique and Materials: Plant dyed recycled fabrics, hand stitched.
Cat Patterns: Patterns featuring cats or generally on a cat theme.
Caulfield, Patrick: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: British Pop Art.
Celtic Knot: A knot formed by interfaced ribbons that lead seamlessly into one another. Same as everlasting knot.
Cezanne, Paul: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Post Impressionism.
Chagall, Marc: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Fauvism, Cubism.
Champaigne, Philippe de: (1602 Brussels -1674 Paris). He completed his training under Jacques Fouquiéres, a member of Rubens' studio; then worked in Paris from 1621, where he was influenced by Nicholas Poussin. From 1628 he served Marie dé Médicis, the Queen Mother, and afterwards Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu. He created numerous portraits and religious works that combined elements of the French and Flemish styles.
Champleve: An enamelling technique in which the glass is contained within engraved depressions in metal (usually copper alloy) plate.
Chancery Cursive: Style of calligraphy with a contemporary look. Less formal lettering.
Chang, Young-Hae: Art Category: Photography. Art Movement: Web Art.
Chardin, Jean-Baptiste Siméon: (1699 Paris - 1779 Paris). He studied under various different historical artists from 1720. Joined the Guild of St. Luke in 1724 and the Académie Royale in 1728, where he held a number of important offices until 1774. Chardin preferred still life and genre works, which were not generally appreciated at the time, but which he helped to make popular. His style is identified by its finely graded coloring and pared-down compositions.
Chassériau, Théodore: (1819 El Limon, S. Barbara de Samana. Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: Academic Classicism, Romanticism. He studied in Ingres' studio in Paris from 1830 to 1834. Exhibitewd at the Salon of 1838 for the first time. Study trips to the South of France, Italy (1840-1841), Algeria (1846), and the Netherlandss (1856). Produced manly historical paintings and portraits, but als omurals in Paris. Stylistically, his work was between that of Ingres and Delacroix.
Cheang, Shu Lea: Art Category: Collagist. Art Movement: Post Modernism.
Chemical Fixatives: Chemical fixatives are often used in silk paintings in order to fix the color into the silk. Those brands of silk paints that can be set by a chemical often have their own particular type of fixative to set the color. Most of these fixatives are a mixture of acetic acid, or vinegar and water, but because the acid or alkaline balance varies in different brands of paints, it is wise to use the fixative that is recommended by the paint manufacturer.
Chéret, Jules: Art Category: Art Posters. Art Movement: Belle Époque poster art.
Chiaroscuro: In painting, the modeling of form with light and dark; any artistic treatment that stresses the contrast between light areas and shadows. Alternatively, a technique for pictorial representation, wherein objects are brought out strongly by the use of black or any dark color and white, generally in bold contrast; the entire picture is usually dark, relieved by white accents. Also an element of this effect in any picture.
Chicago, Judy: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Futurism.
Chin, Shin-Hee: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Expressionism.
Materials and Techniques: Cotton, polyester thread, random stitch.
Chino, Dave: Art Category: Spray Cannist. Art Movement: Graffiti.
Chinoiserie: The name of a popular design movement in the nineteenth century, which was a Western interpretation based on Ancient Chinese symbolism and on aspects of nature.
Chōnin (Townsmen - Japanese): The term included the artisan and merchant class who lived in urban centres of the Edo period.
Choubrac, Alfred: Art Category: Art Posters. Art Movement: Belle Époque poster art.
Technique: Color lithograph.
Size: 121.8 x 87.7 cm.
Choubrac, Léon: Art Category: Art Posters. Art Movement: Belle Époque poster art.
Note: He is the older brother of Alfred Choubrac.
Christos (aka Christo Javacheff): Art Category: Constructivist. Art Movement: Landscape Art.
Chromies (Graffiti Term): Throw-ups that are done in chrome paint so that as lights hit them they shine.
Chryselephantine: Made or decorated with gold and ivory, as ancient Greek statutes were.
Chūban (Japanese): A medium print size: 10 x 7.5 inches (26 x 19 cm).
Chung, Jiyoung: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Cima da Conegliano: (1459/60 - 1517/18 Conegliano). Real name, Giovanni Bartista Cima. Worked mainly in Venice after 1492. Found his own style at an early stage, one which thematically and artistically resembled Bellini's. The well-balanced composition, emotional moods, brilliant colors, and close observation of nature are characteristic of his representations which were mainly Madonnas.
Cire Perdue (lost-wax process): Technique in bronze casting in which the wax layer between model and mould is melted away and replaced by bronze.
Claesz, Pieter: (1597/98 Burgsteinfurt, Westphalia - 1660 Haarlem). There is evidence that he was in Haarlem from 1617. After his early still life paintings, which consisted of numerous objects in rows, seen from a high point of observation, the artist continued to develop in parallel with Willem Claesz. The name of his 'monochrome banketje,' a type of breakfast still life was derived from the brown-gray palette; the content, in contrast to the abundant Flemish type, was pared down to a minimum.
Clarke, Deb: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Naïve Realism.
Classical Period: The art of ancient Greece and Rome; any work exhibiting the traits of ancient Greek art; an art of formal order stressing simplicity, dignity, clearly defined intervals, mathematical proportion. A “classic” is, by extension, a work generally accepted as a Masterpiece.
Clifford, Morgan: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Abstract Color-Field.
Materials: Handwoven linen, silk, hemp, paper, aloo.
Close, Chuck: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Superrealism.
Closed Form: The sense of unbroken space characteristic of classical composition in painting, sculpture, and architecture.
Cloud (Graffiti Term): The background to a piece, usually a circular formation of color but can include stars or other decorative shapes.
Clouet, Jean: (ca. 1480 Brussels or Tours - ca. 1540/41 Paris). He work in Tours first, where he was in the service of Francis I (1494 - 1547) from 1518. His art, which had a strong Dutch tone to it, combined elements of the Gothic and the Early Renaissance. He was stimulated as much by the School of Fontainebleau as by the Italian Mannerists.
Cole, Thomas: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Romantic Landscape.
Collage: From the French coller - 'to paste'; any artistic composition made by gluing assorted materials (cloth, newsprint, wood veneers) to a flat surface, usually a canvas or a panel.
Commercial Art: A term used to describe artwork intended for use in advertising or promotion - as distinct from fine-art.
Composite Artwork: Artwork combining a number of different elements.
Composite Overlay: Two or more patterns stacked on top of each other. A typical example is a patterned background.
Composite Repeat: A combination of two or more symmetry types in one pattern. For example, rotational medallions put in a drop repeat.
Conceptualism: An art movement (after 1960) emphasizing the transient character of the creative, rather than its outcome; art objects become the report, written or spoken, of an event; de-emphasis of visual imagery. It is related to process art.
Cone Drawing (Tsutsugki): Freehand style application of resist paste, using mulberry paper brass-tip cone.
Connoisseur: Literally, one 'who knows' and is therefore competent to offer critical judgement of art; an expert in a particular branch of art who can recognize certain techniques, establish dates, verify authenticity, estimate prices; a person of discriminating taste in art, cooking etc.
Constable, John: (1778 East Berholt, Suffolk - 1837 London) Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Romantic Landscape.
He was self-taught. He worked as a topographer in London before attending courses at the Royal Academy from 1799, becoming a member in 1829. After a trip to Italy in 1819 he concentrated on landscapes, finding inspiration in the works of the Old Dutch masters as well as that of Thomas Girtin and Lorrain. With his uneven, tonal style of painting, he attempted to capture the atmosphere of light in nature. Constable's realistic style of landscape painting provided important inspiration in France for the Barbizon School and later for the Impressionists.
Constructivism: Twentieth-century non-representational sculptural style, associated with Russians Naum Gabo, Kasimir Malevich, and Antoine Pevsner; theoretical foundations in modern physics, engineering and technology; an endeavour to treat volume with a minimum of mass.
Contemporary: A design with simple, extremely stylized motifs.
Contour: A pattern of outlines highlighting or suggesting shapes or figures of the motif.
Contrapposto: (Italian, from Latin contrapositus, 'opposing' from ponere, 'to place,to set.') Stationary motif in Classical Greek sculpture that received its name from the sculptor Polyclitus (ca. 480-415 B.C.) and subsequently became a binding principle in European art, in which the various directions of force and movement in the human body are brought to harmonious balance. The distribution of the loading and supporting, resting, and driving forces of a figure are balanced between the supporting and free legs. The contrapposto was reassumed in the Renaissance.
For example, a figural pose in which one part of the body turns or twists away from another, usually in an unsymmetrical pose characteristic of classical Greek and Roman figure sculpture, in which the weight is carried by one leg while the other is relaxed. This system of figural articulation was revived and much exploited during the Italian Renaissance.
Converging Verticals: Familiar visual phenomenon in which parallel vertical lines appear to converge as when a tall building is viewed from below (see photograph below).
Conversational: A design with recognizable objects in the motif. Also called object prints.
Coordinates: Two or more designs related to each other in color, subject matter, and/or technique that are intended to be used together.
Coral: An organic allover pattern suggestive of coral growth.
Corbel: Sculpture of a basket or fruit or flowers, used as an architectural ornament.
Corinth, Lovis: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: German Expressionism.
Corot, Jean-Baptise-Camille: (1796 Paris - 1875 Paris). Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: French Landscape.
He studied in the early 1820s under the Classicist landscape painter, Victor Bertin, among others. Trained in the style of Poussin, he also worked outdoors. His work was influenced strongly by a long stay in Rome. Corot's landscapes are noted for their strong composition, the detail, and a new underatanding of chasnging light. His later works, produced after the late 1840s and misty in atmosphere, are similar to the Barbizon School
Correggio: (1489 Correggio, Modena - 1534 Correggio). His real name is Antonio Allegri; worked in Rome and Parma as well as his hometown. He adopted style elements of earlier artists of the High Renaissance, especially Mantegna's spatial illusionism and Lenardo's sfumato, and was also inspired by Raphael and Michelangelo, combining everything in a highly original manner. In his dynamic style of composition, the soft modeling of the shapes, and the lively yet appealing expressions of tghe figures, Correggio paved the way for Baroque and later art styles.
Cotman, John Sell: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Romantic Landscape.
Counterchange: A design where a certain color of the motif and its ground are reversed in another part of the design to balance the elements. See also two-color symmetries.
Counter-Reformation: Roman Catholic evangelical movement in reaction to the Protestant Reformation, during which religious arts flourished in Catholic countries.
Note: This an example of the renewed vigour of Catholicism which could be seen in the explosion of religious art of the Baroque during and after the Counter Reformation.
Courbet, Gustave: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: French Realism.
Couture, Thomas: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Academic Classicism.
Coverage: The amount of design area in relation to the negative space.
Cox, Christine: Art Category: Collagist. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Materials and Techniques: Wire and metal, paper pulp, recycled fabric strips and cord.
Cozens, Alexander: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Romantic Landscape.
Cozens, John Robert: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Romantic Landscape.
Craft Knife: A knife with a thin, light blade, which is kept very sharp. Cutting edge usually does not run along its length, but slopes across the end of the blade. Handle is usually heavy. Blades may be detachable.
Craquelure: Network of small cracks in paint or vanish of an old painting.
Crawford, Marian: Art Category: Printmaker. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Creation Baumann: A Swiss-based company also renowned for innovative furnishing and interior design.
Crenshaw, Constance: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Expressionism.
Materials and Techniques: Cotton paper, pigment, acrylic paint, screen printing, collage, painting.
Crespo, Jose 'F-Boom': Art Category: Murals. Art Movement: Street Art.
Crew (Graffiti Term): A crew, krew, or cru is a group of associated writers or graffiti artists that often work together. Crews are differentiated from gangs in that their main objective is to paint graffiti, although gang-like activity can occur. Any group of friends can quickly and informally form a crew if they are interested in graffiti and want to start collaborating. Often crews will recruit new members over time in order to maintain their relevance. There is a smaller risk of being held responsible for crew works if a single member gets arrested. From a legal point of view, the name could have been painted by anyone in the group.
Crew (Dan Buller, Tyler Gibney, Gene Pendon): Art Category: Muralist. Art Movement: Graffiti
Criticism: The act of describing, analyzing, interpreting, and judging works of art; informed talk about art; incorrectly used to mean censure, or fault-finding.
Crome, John: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Romantic Landscape.
Croquis: A fully painted design that is not in repeat; same as sketch.
Cross-Hatching: Two sets of parallel lines, one on top of the other, with the second set at an angle to the first.
Crossing Out (Graffiti Term): To scribble or write on someone else's name. It is considered highly disrespectful.
Cubism: A style of art originated by Picasso and Braque in Paris around 1917; emphasis on the geometrical foundations of form, the two-dimensionality of the picture surface, multiple views of the same objects, superimposition and interpenetration of forms. Intellectual phase is Analytical Cubism (1909-1912); decorative, playful phase is Synthetic Cubism (1912-1914).
Cullen,Gregor: Art Category: Printmaker (Redback Graphix). Art Movement: Modernism.
Curfman, Anna-Katherine: Art Category: Wearable Artist. Art Movement: Wearable Art.
Size: 203.2 x 45.7 cm.
Curley, Manyinta (Katie): Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Traditional Aboriginal Art - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Dadism (Dada): Post World War I style stressing accidental images and events, the logic of the absurdity, irrationality in art, literature and morality. Related to Surrealism.
Dagg, Margaret: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Traditional Aboriginal Art - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Dali, Salvador: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Surrealism.
Da Messina, Antonella: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Renaissance.
Daubigny, Charles-Francois: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: French Landscape.
Daumier, Honore: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: French Realism.
David, Gerad (ca. 1450 Oudewater, Gouda - 1523 Bruges). He probably trained in his home country of Holland before settling in Bruges (Flanders) in 1484 as a free master. A follower of Momling, he became one of the city's most successful painters, eventually expanding to Antwerp, where he was accepted in the guild of Artists in 1515. With its highly detailed Realism, his work typified that from the northern Netherlands, although David's later work reflected the confrontation with the Italian High Renaissance.
David, Jacques-Louis: (1748 Paris - 1825 Brussels). He is the most famous exponent of French Classicism. On the advice of his friend Bucher, he went to study under Joseph Vien in 1766. His studies of Roman Antiquity during his first visit to Rome (1775-1780) provided his main impulses. David was also interested in politics and became an active Jacobin in the Artists of the French Revolution. He later joined Napoleon, who appointed him official painter in 1804. He went into exile in Belgium in 1818 after the emperor was overthrown.
Davies, Stuart: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Abstract Expressionism.
Da Vinci, Leonardo: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Late Renaissance.
de Andrea, John: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Superrealism.
de Chavannes, Puvis: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Symbolism.
de Chirico, Giorgio: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Dada, Surrealism.
Deconstruction: Method of critical analysis which asserts that art can have no fixed meanings because it can be viewed only subjectively.
Decorative Design: Artwork created for use in home furnishing and interior decoration.
Degas, Hilaire Germain Edgar: Art Category: Sculptor, Painter. Art Movement: Impressionism.
Dek (tag): Art Category: Murals. Art Movement: Street Art. See Crespo.
de Kooning, Willem: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Abstract Expressionism.
Delacroix, Ferdinand Victor Eugéne: (1798 St-Maurice-Charenton near Paris - 1833 Paris. Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: French Romantic.
He based his style of his work on Rubens and Veronese while studying in Paris. Also inspired by Constable. In London in 1825. Traveled to North Africa and southern Spain in 1832. Delacroix was the eading French artist of the French Romantics. His concepts developed from flowing colors, moving away from the "official" Classicism and smoothing the way for Impressionism.
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de la Pena, Nacisse Virgile Diaz: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: French Landscape.
Delaunay, Robert: Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: Neo-Impressionism, Orphic Cubism, Representational and Abstract Art.
Delineate: To accentuate outlines in line artwork by making them heavier.
de Loutherbourg, Philippe Jacques: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Romantic Landscape.
Delvaux, Paul: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Surrealism.
de Maria, Walter: Art Category: Constructivist. Art Movement: Earthen Artworks.
Demi-Goutte: Art Category: Surface Designer. Art Movement: Floral.
Demuth, Charles: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Cubism Revisited.
de Paléolodgue, Pal Jean: Art Category: Printmaker. Art Movement: Art Nouveau.
Depth: The thickness of a three-dimensional object measured downwards from its surface.
Derain, Andre: Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: Expressionism, Fauves.
Designs (Graffiti Term): Polka dots, checkers stars swirls are placed over the fill-in to in hence and complement the fill-in. Designs are limited only by an artists imagination and technical ability.
de Stael, Nicolas: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
De Stijl: Dutch for 'The Style'; art and design movement originating in the Netherlands in 1917, advocating principles (e.g. asymmetry, use of primary colors, emphasis on rectilinear forms) which have had immense influence on the development of graphic design and on ArtCloth practitioners.
Dhuffer, Poona: Art Category: Surface Design. Art Movement: Abstract.
Dhulang: Painted patterns or designs in the North East Arnhem land (Australia).
Diaglyph: Carving or ornament in intaglio.
Diamond: A pattern whose elements are arranged along diagonal (diamond) lines.
Diaz, Jose 'Jad': Art Category: Muralist. Art Movement: Street Art.
Diebenkorn, Richard: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Landscape Abstraction.
Digital Pattern: A pattern that consists of computer-generated elements, such as pixelated or fractal shapes. More broadly, can refer to digital pattern art. An example of a digital pattern would be a digital camouflage pattern.
Digital Pattern Art: A pattern created using a computer as an essential tool in the design process. Examples include digital patterns that exhibit typical computer-generated elements or shapes, such as pixelated or fractal shapes; patterns that would be difficult or impossible to create without a computer, such as algorithmic or procedural patterns; and patterns produced using digital image manipulation techniques.
Digitizing Pad: An on-line input device to a digital computer, on which a free-handing drawing is translated immediately into digitized form, visible on a tablet.
Dine, Jim: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Pop Art.
Diptych: (Latin: diptychum; Greek, diptychos meaning 'folded double.') An ancient folding writing tablet; in medieval art a teo-winged opening altarpiece (sculpture or painted) with no fixed centerpiece. More generally, two associated artworks.
Directional: A design in which motifs are oriented along one or several directions. Examples of directional design include one-way, two-way, and four-way layouts. Also a design that looks correct from only one direction. The opposite is a non-directional (unidirectional) design.
Direct Modulation: The addition of one complement to another, usually done in steps, in order to visualize the change more clearly.
Direct Painting: A technique that stresses spontaneity or the appearance of spontaneity in execution; a minimum of reworking; voids transparent effects and 'build up' of a surface with several layers of paint.
Direct Style: A style of patterning in which one or several colors are applied to the surface of a fabric and are usually fixed by thermofixation or steaming. The fabric base is usually white, but may have been previously dyed. This method was rarely used until the advent of synthetic dyestuff.
Di Sotto In Su: (Italian: 'with beneath made above'). Perpendicular to the picture plane.
Ditzy: A ditzy (ditsie) is an allover design of small buds, circles, zigzags, and other elements that are simple, eccentrically silly, and may be funny.
Dix, Otto: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Expressionism.
Documentary Design: A design based on documents or original (usually historical) material and reproduced closely to the original, often using a different technology. Compare to adaptation.
Dog's Tooth: A pattern of small broken or jagged checks created by four-pointed stars. Same as hound's tooth.
Doesburg, Theo van: Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: de Stijl, Elementarism.
Domela-Nieuwenhuis, Cesar: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: de Stijl.
Domenichino: (1581 Bologna -1841 Naples). His real name was Domenico Zampieri. Worked mainly in Rome before moving to Naples in 1530. One of the leading followers of the Carracci, partiularly Annibale Carracci, with whom he worked in Rome from 1502. Together with Correggio, Raphael, and Caravaggio, he developed an independent style of which Clasasical purity and monumental expressiveness are typical.
Domming (Graffiti Term): A color-mixing technique done by spraying one color over another while it is still wet, then rubbing the two together. Sometimes an abrasive like sand is used to create different effects. The term is derived from "condom," as a reference to its synonym rubber and is sometimes called fingering, as it is commonly done with one's fingers.
Dono, Heri: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Post Modernism.
Donatello: (ca. 1388 Florence - 1489 Florence). His real name is Donato di Niccolo di Betto Bardi. Probably studied under Lorenzo Ghiberti and Nanni di Banco in Florence. Worked mainly in his hometown, but also in Sienna, Rome, Padua and other towns in Italy. Donatello is considered to be the greatest sculptor of the Quattrocento. No other artist of the age exceeded his extensive oeuvre in variety or innovation. in the early stage of his career he created many marble statues; from 1420s mainly bronze sculptures.
16th century, MUsée du Louvre.
Dossal: A panel painting hung behind an altar.
Drake-Brockman, Charlotte: Art Category: Collagist. Art Movement: Naïve Realism.
Recycled 1930’s elbow length glove cardboard box, crazy quilt from waste materials courtesy Pauline and Grant, tissue paper, PVA, ribbons, bling, glitter, sequins, artificial flowers.
Drop Shadow: A shadow behind an image designed to bring the image forward.
Dress-up (Graffiti Term): To completely write all over a specific area like a door-way, wall or window that is untouched.
Dry-Brushing: Paint technique that keeps the bristle surface of a brush relatively dry in order to build up a cloudy effect, or to touch up the highlights of a textured surface.
Dubuffet, Jean: Art Category: Painter & Sculptor. Art Movements: Expressionism, Informal Abstraction.
Dubs (Graffiti Term): London/UK style of graffiti executed in silver or chrome paint. Usually on railway walls or street locations, it is done quickly by a crew or group of writers.
Ducasse, Sabine: Art Category: Wearable Art. Art Movements: informal Abstraction.
Duchamp, Marcel: Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: Dada, Ready Mades.
Duchamp-Villon, Raymond: Art Category: Sculptor. Art Movement: Cubism.
Dufy, Raoul: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Fauves.
Dunnewold, Jane: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movements: de Stijl, Informal Abstraction.
Duplex Board: One consisting of two layers of different color and/or quality, pasted together.
Durand, Asher B.: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Romantic Landscape.
Dürer, Albrecht: (1471 Nuremberg - 1528 Nuremberg). He learned the goldsmith's art under his father. Moved to Michael Wolgemut in 1488, who introduced him to the art of Schonguer and the Dutch. Was greatly inspired by his trips to Italy in 1494 and 1505/06 by Mantegna and the Bellinis. Dürer became the leading intermediary between the art of southern and northern Europe, creating the foundations for the German High Renaissance at the same time. Not only was his art of importance, so too were his prints and essays on the theory of art.
Durrmu: Vibrant patterns found in nature and made in painting (in the Murrinh-Paths language spoken in the Wadeye Region of Australia by Australian Aboriginals).
Dyck, Sir Anthony van: (1599 Antwerp - 1641 London). Dyke and Rubens were the two leading Flemish artists. He worked in Rubens' workshop from 1617 for several years. First visited London in 1620, and travelled through Italy from 1621 to 1627, where he was inspired by the works of Titan and others. On his return he became court painter of Archduchess Isabella, the governess of the Netherlands. Joined the court of Charles I of England in 1632. Van Dyck developed the type of representation of the nobility that influenced English portrait painting in particular.
The Hermitage, St. Petersburg.
Eakins, Thomas: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Realism.
Earth Sculpture: The excavation of earth, the relocation of boulders, the digging of water channels, etc. to create pleasing or expressive aesthetic effects.
Earthworks Poster Collective: A printmaker collective house in Tin Shed, The University of Sydney from 1972 - 1979.
Easel: A special stand to support a canvass in an upright position.
Easel Painting: Creative painting executed in one of the standard techniques, such as oils, water colors, tempera, gouché or pastel; most frequently intended to be framed and hung on a wall (i.e. forms of object art).
Eastman, Kathryn: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Techniques and Materials: Natural pigments, fiber reactive dye, silk, Katazome, hand stitching.
Eccentrics: An eccentric is a pattern of thin lines generating an illusion of a distortion or op-art effects. Another spelling is excentrics. The class is believed to be originated from the Lane's Net pattern.
Eclecticism: Creating a form or style on the basis of many borrowings; the combination of recognizable elements from several styles to fashion something new.
Ecorche: Sculpture of a human or animal without skin, usually for use in teaching anatomy to sculpture students.
Ecsher, Maurits: Art Category: Printmaker, Painter. Art Movement: Surrealism in form only. Preceded Op Art.
Edelson, Mary Beth: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Pop Art.
Egg and Dart: A classic design consisting of an oval element alternating with an arrow-like element.
E-goyomi (Japanese): A pictorial calendar with concealed numbers denoting the long and short months.
Ehon (Picture Books - Japanese): E-hon or Ehon (絵本) is the Japanese term for picture books. It may be applied in the general sense, or may refer specifically to a type of illustrated volume published from at least the mid-eda period onwards, often as chapter-books in series.
El Anatsui: Art Category: Sculpture. Art Movement: Post Modernism - Found Objects.
Eliasson, Olafur: Art Category: Constructivist. Art Movement: Post Modernism.
50th Venice Biennale.
El Greco: (1541 Phodele, Crete - 1814 Toledo). 'The Greek' real name was Domenicos Theotokopoulos. Main exponent of Spanish Mannerism. A trained painter of icons, he joined Titan in Venice in 1567. In Rome from 1570, before settling in Toledo around 1577. The mystical radiance of his works, which reflect the spirit of Spain's medieval-inspired belief, was achieved by elongating the figures, adopting a strong chiaroscuro, and unrealistic coloring.
Embu (French): In an oil painting, a dull spot in an otherwise glossy surface caused by a sinking-in of the oil color.
Enamel: An object so decorated. Derived from the German word meaning "to melt" (about 1550).
Encaustic: A painting medium using hot wax to bind colors to a wood panel or wall.
Endicott, Erin: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Abstract Expressionism.
Materials and Technique: Hand embroidered antique cotton. Fabric stained with Walnut ink.
End-to-End (Graffiti Term): The opposite of top-to-bottom – meaning a train-car covered with paint from one side of it to the other. Used as an adjective and non-commonly as a noun.
Engineered: A motif or group of motifs designed to fit a specific shape.
Ensor, James: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Post-Impressionism.
Environmental Art: Any ordered arrangement or reconstruction of the natural and built environment. It includes such categories as the floral art of the natural environment, and/or art depicting gardens of a built environment. Marie-Therese Wisniowski's MSDS technique is often used in her Environmental Art.
Title: Flames Unfurling (detailed view).
Technique: MSDS Environmental ArtCloth.
Erdrich, Andrew William: Art Category: Tapestry. Art Movements: Representational.
Ernst, Max: Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: Dada, Surrealism.
Estes, Richard: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Superrealism.
Etch (Graffiti Term): The use of acid solutions intended for creating frosted glass, such as Etch Bath, to write on windows. In Norway some trains have even been taken temporarily out of service because of the acid tagging, which is potentially dangerous for other people's health.
Ethnic Art: Art typical of a specific nationality or a design based on folk art.
Everlasting Knot: A knot formed by interfaced ribbons that lead seamlessly into one another. Same as Celtic knot.
Exploded View: Drawing of an object showing its component parts separately but arranged in such a way as to indicate their relationships within the object when assembled.
Expressionism: A style of modern painting, original central European, emphasizing intense color, agitated brushwork, and violent imagery to express painful emotions, anxiety, and hallucinatory states.
Expressivism: A term used here to describe the critical position that greatness in art results from the vivid, intense, and convincing expression of emotion.
Eyck, Jan van: (ca. 1390 Maaseyck, Maastricht? - 1441 Bruges). He began his career as a court painter to John of Bavaria, count of Holland. After the count died in 1425, van Eyck was in service to Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy. Made several trips to Spain and Portugal. Became town painter in Brussels in 1430. Van Eyck's painting, which had a lasting infuence on European art, exhibited a previously unachieved illusionistic forcefulness. Objects were represented down to the tiniest detail of material consistency and light effects, the colors given a new kind of luminescence and depths thanks to further developments in oil technology.
Fade (Graffiti Term): Graduation of colors.
Faience: Earthenware with an opaque glaze.
Fall-On: One transparent color falling on another producing a third color. Also called trapping.
Families (Graffiti Term): Rows of throw-ups of the same name.
Fat Cap (Graffiti Term): A nozzle used for wide coverage, used for the fill of pieces.
Fautrier, Jean: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Fauvism: From the French fauve (wild beast). An early twentieth century painting style emphasizing the juxtaposition of extremely bright areas of color, arbitrary drawing unrelated to the color, and distorted linear perspective. Main aim is breakdown and reform of particular picture structure; not as anguished as German Expressionism, which it resembles.
Fay, Jennifer Libby: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movements: Informal Abstraction; Environmental Art.
Medium and Technique: Cloth, dye.
Feininger, Lyonel: Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: Art Nouveau, Orphic Cubism.
Fell-McLean, Susan: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Fête Champêtre, Fete Galante: 18th Century painting of figures in a pleasant rural setting.
Fetish: A charmed or magical object; often a sculpture regarded as home or embodiment of spiritual subject, much as ka or soul of an Egyptian pharaoh is believe to reside in the many statutes of him; a psychological obsession with an object or part of the body which results in an erotic response.
Fiber Art: Artwork that utilizes fabrics as its medium (see definition of ArtCloth and Artwork).
Title:Flames Unfurling.
Medium: ArtCloth.
Field: The area of a design that is not the border.
Figurative: Referring to a style, as of painting, that represents humans, animals or objects, rather than relying purely in abstract forms.
Figurine: Small carved or moulded statue; sometimes called a statuette.
Fill-In (Graffiti Term): The base colors of a piece, falling within the outline.
Fills (Graffiti Term): Also referred to as "bombs" "throw ups" or "throwies". Fills describe a piece of graffiti that is either filled in a rush or a solid fill. A fill is also the interior base color of the piece of graffiti.
Finished Art: Same as artwork.
Finished Rough: Term for presentation of a visual.
Firth, Dianne: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Material and Technique: Machine stitching/quilting, reverse appliqué, viscose felt and cotton.
Fitch: Hog-hair brush suitable for oil work (one type is available for water color work). The five types are round, filbert, long, short and herkomer. Used in many techniques and sometimes as an alternative to household brush.
Flanderin, Hipolyte-Jean: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Academic Classicism.
Flegel, Georg: (1563 Olomonc - 1638 Frankfurt am Main). He was Germany's first artist to specialize in still lifes. By 1594 he was working with the Flemish artist Lucas van Valckenborch. His early works appear to consist of small pieces, and to be constructed additively, whereas his later ones - paintings of meals and still lifes of flowers - consisted of fewer objects, and were denser compositions in sensitive colors.
Fleur-de-Lis: A stylized three-petal or four-petal lily. Originally a symbol of purity. Since the Middle Ages has been used in heraldic ornaments.
Flint, India: Art Category: Wearable Artist. Art Movement: Wearable Art.
Floaters (Graffiti Term):: Throw-ups done on subway car panels at window level.
Floral: A design using flowers and other nature elements such as seed pods, leaves, and marine plants.
Florrimell, Michael: Art Category: Printmaker. Art Movement: Abstract Expressionism.
Florrimell, Norman: Art Category: Printmaker. Art Movement: Naïve Realism.
Folk Art: The art of the people. It is usually associated with naïve art of the untrained.
Foreground: The part of a design that appears to be closest to the viewer and in front of other objects. Contrast to background.
Foreshorten: In illustration to depict the apparent distortion of perspective in a receding form or plane. Alternatively, the representation through drawing of the three-dimensional forms on a flat surface to create the illusion of depth, as of an arm and hand extended toward the viewer.
Formalism: A term used to describe the critical position that greatness in art results from the ideal juxtaposition and treatment of the basic elements of visual form.
Found Material: Any objects or materials such as feathers, leaves, fabric, printed material or ephemera which can be incorporated in the image making process.
Fouquet, Jean: (ca. 1415/1420 Tours? - 1478/1481 Tours). He was the first painter from the north to adopt the achievements of the Italian Early Renaissance, which he combined with elements of Flemish late Gothic in his works. His paintings were rooted in the Franco-Flemish book paintings. During a trip to Italy in ca. 1445/1447, he adapted his work to the styles of Florentine painters, such as Fra Angelico. Back in Tours, he worked for the French court under Charles VII and Louis XI, who appointed him court painter in 1475. As well as book illustrations, he produced panel, glass, and enamel paintings.
Four-Way Layout: A design in which motifs face all four directions, for example, up, down, left, and right.
Foy, Anne: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Materials and Technique: Wet felting, needle felting, inkjet printing on cotton. Merino wool and silk fibers, cotton stitching, industrial felt backing.
Fra Angelico: (ca. 1395 Vicchio di Mugello, Florence - 1455 Rome). He was really Guido di Piero. At 20, already a trained artist, he entered the monastry of the Dominicans in Fiesole. He was renamed Fra Giovanni, later also Fra Angelico or Beato Angelico. In 1436 he moved with the monastery to S. Marco in Florence. In 1447/48 and again from 1452 he worked for the papal court in Rome; also worked in Orvieto. Increasingly, he adopted the new Renaissance shapes in his frescoes and pannelings, while the consistency of his sculptures was a key feature of his own style.
Fragonard, Jean-Honoré: (1732 Grasse, Provence - 1806 Paris). He was a student of Chardin and Boucher. In 1752 he won the Académie Prix de Rome and became one of Ecole des Eléves protégés. In addition, he won a scholardshiop to Rome and stayed there from 1756 to 1761. On his return he became a menber of the Paris Académie. With Watteau and Boucher, Fragonard was considered one of the leading portrayers of the customs and manners of the end of the French Absolutism. A Rococo artist, he remain committed to pre-Revolutionary aethetics throughout his life.
Francis, Sam: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Abstract Expressionism.
Frankenthaler, Helen: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Abstract Color-Field.
Fraser, Mary Edna: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Material and Technique: Batik on silk.
Fresco: (Italian for 'fresh.') A type of mural or wall painting in which dry colors are mixed with water and applied to wet plaster surface.
Fret Pattern: A plane geometric pattern or an interlocking motif in a band or border that consists of lines that meet at right angles. Also known as Greek key pattern. Often used as an ornamental border design.
Fretwork: Ornamental openwork, such as created with a fretsaw or scroll saw. Often used in furniture of metal decorations. Also a carved design in architecture.
Freud, Lucian: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Superrealism.
Frieze: (mid-Latin, frisium meaning fringe peak.) Sculpted or painted strip of continuous horizontal decoration that serves to enliven or give structure to a wall surface.
Frieze Pattern: A pattern that repeats in one direction. There are exactly seven (7) mathematical classes of frieze patterns. Compare with two-dimensional (wallpaper) patterns that have exactly seventeen (17) mathematical types.
Frontality: The full face or head on presentation of the human figure; planarity in the organization of forms, that is, emphasis on forms parallel to the frontal lane.
Frost, Ben: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Cartoon Style Street Art.
Materials and Technique: Acrylic and aerosol on board.
Frottage: Technique for making images by rubbing a soft pencil over paper on a textured surface.
Full Monty (Graffiti Term): A graffiti form that takes up the entire canvas, wall or area that can be vulgar yet has a very effective message.
Functionalism: The doctrine prominent in the early twentieth century that architecture, furniture and other useful objects should be designed to reveal their materials and process making, to work well and to endue, and to express their practical purpose; the view that aesthetic excellence results from successful utilitarian design and performance.
Füssli, Johann Heinrich: Known as Henry Fuseli (1741, Zurich - 1825, Putney Hill, London), he had to leave Zurich because of his liberal attitudes, and went to England. He worked as a writer before Reynolds persuaded him to return to painting, and studied in Italy. In 1799 he became a member, and in 1804 the Keeper of the Royal Academy. Füssli preferred literary materials for his Romantic/Classical style of art, which he dramatized using light and an energetic language of form.
Futurism: An Italian painting style (about 1910) derived from Cubism; devoted to the celebration of speed, the representation of motion, and the “dynamization” of civilised life.
Gabo, Naum: Art Category: Constructivist, Sculptor. Art Movements: Realistic Manifesto of Constructivism, Kinetic Sculpture.
Gallery (Graffiti Term): Locations such as overpasses and walls facing train tracks that are secluded from the general public but are popular with writers. Since anything that is written is likely to stay for a while, an accumulation of styles and skills can be viewed.
Ganosis: The toning or dulling of stone sculpture - for instance, by the application of colors mixed with wax.
Garcia, Antonio “Chico”: Art Category: Muralist. Art Movement: Street Art.
García, José “Solo”: Art Category: Muralist. Art Movement: Street Art.
Gass, Linda: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Material and Technique: Stitched painting on silk.
Gauguin, Eugene-Henri-Paul: Art Category: Painter, Sculptor. Art Movements: Post-Impressionism, Peasant Sculpture of Brittanny.
Genre Painting: Painting that depicts a scene from daily life.
Gentileschi, Orazio: (1562 Pisa - 1647 London). He was born Orazio Gentileschi Lomi. He was trained in the style of Florentine Mannerism and of Pontomo. At he the beginning of the 1580s he went to Rome and belonged to the aristic circle around Caravaggio until ca. 1600. In the early 1620's he worked in Genoa before being summoned to Paris by Marie dé Médicis in 1624. He joined the English court in 1626. Gentileschi's work combined Tuscan traditions with Caravaggism.
Geometric: A motif, pattern, or design depicting abstract, nonrepresentational shapes such as lines, circles, ellipses, triangles, rectangles, and polygons.
Geometric Design: A design based on a geometric pattern, often contrasted with representational designs, such as floral or conversational.
Geometric Period: Period from 900 to 700 B.C. when geometric motifs on Greek vases formed a background first for animals, then for human figures.
George, Lois: Art Category: Fashion Art. Art Movement: Wearable Art.
Materials and Technique: Base cape - fine woven wool twill. Layered fabrics, chiffons, satins, cotton voiles, lace, acrylic and polyester materials. Crocheted trees in wool and acrylic, sequins, beads, cording, hand stitching.
Géricault, Théodore: (1791 Rouen - 1824 Paris). He belonged to the beginning of Romanticism in France. He worked with inspiration from his contenmporary Antoine-Jean Gros, as well as Michelangelo and Raphael. Géricault broke with Classicism: he preferred comtemporary subjects to representative ones. Nor did he follow any particular abstract ideas of shapes, but instead opted for a realistic, artistically emotive style. In addition to painting of horses, he produced portraits of innmates of mental asylums, doing so with a strong sense of pathos.
German Montana (Graffiti Term): Specialty paint brand company designed for graffiti. Due to a dispute in name branding, it is unrelated to Spanish Montana, a company selling the same products which capitalized on the idea first.
Generic Terms in Art: Terms that differentiate between the subjects of various types of art. In medieval and Renaissance paintings, we differentiate between religious and profane picture subjects. In Dutch art there was a marked development in the variety of subjects after the beginning of the 17th century. The repertoire of subjects deemed worthy of representation increased dramatically in line with the specializations of individual artists, and gradually their work was ordered according to type (architectural, sea, flower, kitchen, social, interior, landscape, still life, historical etc.) A hierachy of types formed in Italy in the 15th century, in which the historical picture - the representation of religious and mythological subjects or historical events - was regarded as the most discerning and elegant task of the painter; this remained very much the case until well into the 19th century.
Gesalt: German for "configuration"; Gesalt School of psychology relates to ways in which images are perceived and understood.
Gesso: Mixture of plaster of paris or gypsum and glue, used as a base for base relief or to prepare painting surface.
Ghirlandaio, Domenico: (1449 Florence - 1494 Florence). He was born Domenico di Tommaso Bigordi. He and Botticelli were the two leading artist of the early Renaissance in Florence. After serving an apprenticeship as a goldsmith, he trained under Alesso Baldovinetti. He received important ideas from Verocchio. In his primarily religious frescoes and panel paintings, which often transposed the events into contemporary settings, Ghirlandaio developed a style that was marked by a strong plasicity and emphasized contours.
Ghost (Graffiti Term): The mark left after paint or ink has been unsuccessfully "buffed".
Giacometti, Alberto: Art Category: Sculptor. Art Movement: Surrealism.
Giambologna, Jean Boulogna: Art Category: Sculptor. Art Movement: Mannerism.
Gibson, John: Art Category: Sculptor. Art Movement: Neo-Classical.
Giorgione: (1477/78 Castelfranco Veneto - 1510 Venice). Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Renaissance.
He was born Giorgio de Castelfranc; also known as Giorgio Barbarelli. He was an important artist of the High Renaissance in Venice. He is believed to have trained under Giovanni Bellini. Giorgione increasingly dispensed with outlines in favor of gradations of color, thereby making the objects come to the foreground of his work. In doing so, he managed to show figures moving freely within the area and to re-create the atmospheric effect of the landscape.
Giotto di Bondone: (ca. 1268 Colle di Vespignano, Florence - 1337 Florence). He was one of the defining artits of Western culture. He may have been a student of Cimabue. From 1292 he worked in Assisi, then in Rome, Padua, Naples, Milan and Florence. Giotto broke completely with Byzantine tradition, and with his individualized and physical, three dimensional view of the human being, established a new language of form that was based on reality as it was experienced.
Girardon, Francois: (1628 Troyes - 1715 Paris). As a sculptor he played a key role in shaping the style of the time of Louis XIV. After trtaining in his hometown of Troyes and a study trip to Rome from 1648 to 1650, he moved to Paris, where he occupied himself primarily with decorative sculpture. He produced sculptures for Chambre du Roi and the Galerie d'Apollon of the Louvre, and played an important role in determining the appearance of the Palace of Versailles, frequently working to designs by Charles Le Brun. His work combines Baroque dynamics with Classicist strength.
Girten, Thomas: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Romantic Landscape.
Gleizes, Albert: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Cubism.
Gō (Japanese): Pen or artist's name.
Godbout, Rosie: Art Category: Wearable Artist. Art Movement: Wearable Art.
Materials and Techniques: Merino fleece, silk rayon; wet felted.
Size: 80 x 43 cm.
Going Over (Graffiti Term): To "go over" a piece of graffiti simply means to paint on top of it. While most writers respect one another's artwork, to intentionally and disrespectfully paint on top of another's work is akin to a graffiti declaration of war. However (due partially to the limited amount of desirable wall-space) most graffiti writers maintain a hierarchy of sorts; a tag can legitimately be covered by a throw-up, and a throw-up by a piece, and this is commonly done without incident. If a piece has previously been slashed (or "dissed"), it is also acceptable for another writer to go over it. To violate these guidelines, or to simply paint lower-quality graffiti on top of a higher-quality artist's work will quickly characterize a writer as an annoyance, or "toy." This is dangerous as most crews and writers will react with physical violence and/or by repeatedly going over writers not respecting their self-claimed rank in the hierarchy.
Goings, Ralph: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Superrealism.
Golden Section: Harmonious proportions arising from division of any line A-C at point B so that AB as BC is to AB; this ratio (1:1.618) provides the dimensions of the "golden triangle". See diagram below.
Goncharov, Natalia: Art Category: Painter, Wearable Art. Art Movement: Rayonism, Wearable Art.
Gonzalez, Julio: Art Category: Sculptor, Constructivist. Art Movement: Metal Constructivism.
Gonzalez, Julio: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Surrealism.
Gorky, Arshile: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Surrealism.
Gossaert, Jan (ca. 1478 Maubeuge - 1531? Breda). Known as Mabuse, he was one of the first Dutch Romanticists. He worked in Burges until 1503, after which he went to Antwerp. He was in the service of several high-ranking sponsors. He was the traveling companion to Philip of Burgundy and visited Italy ca. 1508, but the impressions he gained did not start to influence his work until 1515. In addition to several small Madonnas, he painted portraits and mythological subjects.
Gothic Style: Originally applied to art and architecture of France, and then Europe, from twelfth to mid sixteenth century; emphasis on vertical space, basilica plan, long, narrow nave, slender masonry construction, progressive enlargement of the window area, ribbed groin vaults, flying buttresses, stain glass.
Gottlieb, Adolph: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Abstract Imagery Landscapes.
Gouache: Painting technique using opaque water colors bound with gum.
Goya Lucientes, Francisco José de: (1748 Fuendetodos, Aragon - 1828 Bordeaux). He worked, like his teacher and brother-in-law Francisco Bayeu, for the Spanish court, where he was made official Painter in 1799. On the Restoration of Ferdinand VII, he went into voluntary exile in Bordeaux in 1824. Goya's works were initially influenced by the Rococo style of Tiepolo (1698-1770), and then especially by the natural picture language of Vélazquez (1599-1660). Around 1790, when the political situation began to affect him, and he was impaired by increasing deafness, he adopted a new, somewhat coarse Realism that did not avoid the ugly.
Academia de S. Fernando, Madrid.
Goyen, Jan van: (1596 Leiden - 1658 The Hague). He was one of the major landscape painters of the Broque and a leading exponent of Haarlem tonal painting. He completed his training under Esaias van de Velde in Haarlem before establishing himself as a master painter in Leiden in 1618. He worked in The Hague from 1631. Van Goyen started painting landscapes with folkloric scenes in strong natural colors, but then resumed figural painting and reduced his palette to shades of gray, green, and brown.
Graffiti Writer or just "Writer" (Graffiti Term): Acknowledges the calligraphic origins of some works and the central place that the written word, or tag has in much contemporary graffiti.
Graphic: A design created for the purpose of printing. Also refers to a design with a bold look.
Grasset, Eugène: Art Category: Printmaker. Art Movement: Art Nouveau.
Greek Key Pattern: A plane geometric pattern or a border interlocking that consists of lines that meet at right angles. Also known as fret pattern. Often used as an ornamental border design.
Gris, Juan: Art Category: Painter, Wearable Art. Art Movement: Orphic Cubism, Wearable Art.
Grisaille: (French: gris meaning 'gray,' and grisailler, meaning 'to paint gray.' Gray-on-gray painting that deliberately dispenses with colored gradations and uses only stone colors or shades of brown or gray. It is particularly suited to the artistic representation of sculptural or relief works.
Groenewegen, Dianne: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Expressionism.
Materials and Technique: Raw silk and black organza. Screen-printed and foiled.
Gropius, Walter: Art Category: Painter, Creator of Bauhaus. Art Movements: Art Nouveau, Bauhaus.
Materials and Technique: Black ink, water colours and opaque colors.
Size: 19.6 x 22.5 cm.
Gros, Antoine-Jean: (1771 Paris - 1835 Bas-Meudon, Paris). He was trained by his father in painting miniatures, and became a student of Jacques-Louis David in 1785. He worked in Florence and Genoa as a miniaturist and portrait painter from 1793, and accompanied Napoleon on his Italian campaign in 1798. He returned to Paris in 1799 after the French defeat. Gross' pictures of battles and the nobility continued in their classic-academic style, but he impressed the Romanticists with his Rubens-inpired composition and coloring.
Grosz, Max Herrmann-Neisse: Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: Dada, German Expressionism.
Grotesque: Decoration in the manner of grotto sculptures, especially with fantastic interweaving of human and animal forms with foliage.
Ground: The part of a design that appears to be farthest from the viewer and behind the objects of interest. Can be a solid color, texture, random objects, or another pattern (patterned ground). Also called background. Opposite of foreground.
Guild: Low German. Free professional and social associations of medieval artisans, merchants, tradesman, organized to protect their interests, to maintain standards of craft, to govern the training of apprentices and journey men, the admission of members, the reservation of trade secrets and the control of business and work. The guild existed in Germanic countries and northern France since at least the 8th century AD. Membership ensured legal potection for the individual, followed at a later stage by mutual welfare aid.
Guilloche: A decorative repeat of interlacing curved bands, sometimes forming circles.
Guston, Philip: Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: Abstract Impressionism/Abstract Expressionism.
Guttuso, Renato: Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: Cubism, Social Realism.
Guys, Constantin: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: French Realism.
Gwion, Gwion: The Ngarinyin name for dynamic, naturalistic human figures painted on rock walls in the Kimberly (Australia). Previously known as the "Bradshaw figures" after the anglo-saxon explorer Captain Joseph Bradshaw, who recorded these Aboriginal paintings in 1892.
Haake, Hans: Art Category: Constructivist. Art Movement: Ecosystem Installations.
Hairline Stripe: The thinnest stripe pattern possible, with stripe width of about the diameter of human hair.
Half-Drop: A layout in which the motif is repeated halfway down the side in the vertical direction. The most frequently used repeat in textile design.
Hals, Frans: (ca. 1581/1585 ?Antwerp - 1686 Haarlem). Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: 17th Century Painter.
He was a sculptor in Haarlem. Around 1602 he studied under the Mannerist artist and writer Karel van Mander. In 1610 he joined the Guild of St. Luke as an independent master painter, and was appointed it president in 1644. Hals developed his own realistic form of representation that was free of any Italian elements. His keen observation and the lively expressions on his models were typical of his portraits.
Hamann, Grace Michio: Art Category: Surface Designer. Art Movement: Geometric.
Hamilton, Richard: Art Category: Collage. Art Movement: British Pop Art.
Hand: The style of an artist's design. Tight hand is very fine and detailed; loose hand is a freer, more stylized way of drawing.
Hand Style (Graffiti Term): Handwriting or tagging style.
Hanson, Duan: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Superrealism.
Happening: A quasi-theatrical event staged or contrived in non-repeatable form, employing people, places and objects to make a visual sculptural satirical statement.
Harding, Richard: Art Category: Printmaker. Art Movement: Photographic Expressionism.
Harding, Tim: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Expressionism.
Material and Technique: Silk, reverse appliqué.
Harnett, Michael: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Realism.
Hartley, Marsden: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: German Expressionism Revisited.
Hartung, Hans: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Hashira-e (Pillar Prints - Japanese): A narrow print size: 27.5 - 29.5 x 4.75 - 6 inches (70 - 75 x 12 - 15 cm).
Hassall, John: Art Category: Printmaker. Art Movement: Symbolism.
Hat or Honor-Among-Thieves (Graffiti Term): A person who is described as wearing a "hat" is an artist who is considered trustworthy in the graffiti community. A person who knows a lot of information about other artists but does not spread such knowledge to the authorities. "Don't worry about him, he wears a dope hat"
Hatching: A drawing or printmaking technique; a kind of shading in which fine lines placed closed together create a tone that models form; in painting a series of parallel strikes (as in Cezanne) that create the appearance of planes or facets of form.
Hawkins, Jennifer: Art Category: Soft Sculptor. Art Movement: Modernism.
Materials and Technique: Fiber optic stalks, feathers, Perspex.
Head (Graffiti Term): (i) Similar to a king or queen, a "head" is a writer who has much skill and a high reputation among other writers in his area; (ii) Also "O.G. Head" (for Original, or Original Gangster).
Head Buff Spot (Graffiti Term): The portion of wall panels of the subway car interior above the seats located at passenger's head level. The mild though frequent abrasion from passengers heads eventually buffs (removes) tags on these locations. It is an undesirable location to tag.
Heartfield, John: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Expressionism.
Heaven Spots or shorter as "Heavens" (Graffiti Term): Pieces that are painted in hard-to-reach places such as rooftops and freeway signs, thus making them hard to remove. Such pieces, by the nature of the spot, often pose dangerous challenges to execute, but may increase an artist's notoriety. This term also encompasses a double-meaning as the locations are often very dangerous to paint there and it may lead to death, thus, going to heaven (also known as "hitting up the heavens").
Heckel, Erich: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Expressionism.
Technique: Oil painting (1908).
Hedonic: Pertaining to pleasure; art created to generate agreeable sensations.
Heem, Jan Davidsz. de: (1608 Utrecht - 1384/85 Antwerp).
He combined Dutch and Flemish elements in his pictures of flowers, books, and primarily - magnificent still lifes, and was an excellent exponent of his art. He lived in Utrecht and Leiden before moving to Antwerp as a mature artist in 1635/36. Occassionally between 1667 and 1672 he also returned to the town of his birth.
Hefetz, Naomi: Art Category: Surface Design. Art Movement: Illustrative.
Heffernen, Jodi: Art Category: Printmaker. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Heizer, Michael: Art Category: Constructivist. Art Movement: Earthen Artworks.
Held, Al: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Minimalism.
Hellenic: Of or relating to Greece.
Hellenism: Greek civilization.
Hellenistic: Period from 323 to 168 BC, when the Greek language and Greek art dominated the eastern Mediterranean in numerous kingdoms established by the successors of Alexander the Great, including Ptolemaic Egypt.
Hellion, Jean: Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: Cubism, Abstraction-Creationism.
Helmer, Claudia: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Hemche, Abdelhalim: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Expressionism.
Henri, Florence: Art Category: Weaver. Art Movement: Bauhaus.
Henri, Robert: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: American Expressionism.
Henrys, Jeannie: Art Category: ArtCloth. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Henry Shots (Graffiti Term): Photographic technique developed by Henry Chalfant. The camera remains in one spot with automatic film advance while the subject (train) moves. The end result is a straight forward single image built from several frames providing more detail. Though the term is used infrequently the technique has become one of the standards for photo documentation of trains.
Hepworth, Barbara: Art Category: Sculptor. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Herati: A stylized rosette, enclosed in a diamond, with a serrated "acanthus leaf" along each side, often used as a motif in the rug designs from the Caspian region. The "leaf" may actually represent a fish and then the pattern is also called the mahi (fish) design. The name comes from the city of Herat in Northwestern Afghanistan (formerly the Persian empire).
Hesterman, Heather: Art Category: Printmaker. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Technique: Screen print, punched holes red silk, glass and frame (detail).
Size: 44 x 30 cm.
Hey, Kean: Known to have been in France between 1480 and 1500, he was also known as the 'Master of Moulins.' He worked in Moulins from 1483 for the distinguished court of the Bourbons. Although his distinctive Naturalism put him in the Dutch tradition of Hugo van der Goes, his choice of motifs and stylization, which was based on Italian works was taken from the art of Bourges and the works of Jean Fouquet. His elegant court paintings confirmed him as a French painter who was already committed to the spirit of the Renaissance.
Hieroglyphics: (Greek: scared carved writing). The Greek term, consisting of the words for 'sacred' and 'carved' for the Ancient Eqyptian picture writing of the 2nd/3rd centuries B.C. The direction of writing results from inverting the representations of animals and humans. When the resemblance to writing is lost, the symbol becomes a character representing a word, syllable, or letter.
Hikizome Brushes: A ground color brush with wide handle and deer hair bristles, which absorbs large amounts of dye.
Hildebrand, Adolf von: Art Category: Sculptor. Art Movement: Neo-Classical.
Hillebrand, Bridget: Art Category: Printmaker. Art Movement: Naïve Realism.
Hip-Hop-Style Graffiti (Graffiti Term): So known because of its connection with Hip-Hop culture (associated with rap music); also known as subway-style graffiti.
Historiated: Decorated with elaborate ornamental designs and figures, especially in a narrative (historical, religious or classical) scene.
Hit (Graffiti Term): A tag, throw-up or piece - the act of writing.
Hjorth, Sandee: Art Category: Surface Designer. Art Movement: Representational.
Hockney, David: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: British Pop Art.
Hoelscher-Schacker, Kristin: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Materials and Technique: Transfer dye process on silk, hand stitched.
Hoffer, Carl: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Expressionism.
Hofmann, Hans: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Symbolism.
Hog-Hair Brush: Tough, springy hog-hair brush that is suitable for acrylic- and oil painting.
Hoist (tag): Art Category: Muralist. Art Movement: Street Art.
Hokusai (Japanese): Art Category: Printmaker. Art Movement: Naïve Realism.
Holbein, Hans, the younger: (1497 Augsburg - 1543 London). He was the most significant portrait painter of his time. He first studied under his father, Hans Holbein the elder, and then he worked as a master in Basal from 1519. He traveled to London for the first time around 1527, and settled there in 1532. From 1538 he painted only portraits, primarily of the nobility at the royal court, and also of Hanseatic merchants. initially late Gothic in style, Holbein's work gradually became clearer and simpler as a result of his associatiobn with Italian art. His works are noteworthy for a cool detactment and precise details.
ca. 1540-1543, Uffizi Gallery, Florence.
Holes: Uneven gaps between motifs in a design.
Hollows (Graffiti Term): Also referred to as "outlines" and "shells". A hollow is a piece of graffiti that contains no fill.
Holmes, Cas: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Abstract Expressionism.
Hologram/holograph Image: One which gives a three-dimensional illusion without use of a camera: a laser beam (known as "coherent light") is split so that diffraction patterns are produced digitally; these reconstitute image of a subject when illuminated by light from a similar laser produces a hologram.
Hooch, Pieter de: (1629 Rotterdam - 1684 Amsterdam). He studied under the landscape painter Nicolaes Berchem in Haarlem ca. 1647. When he settled in Delft in 1655, he stopped producing his tavern and guardroom scenes, choosing instead his famous interiors and courtyard scences. Some of these were strongly influenced by Vermeer and showed the everyday life of the bourgeoisie. Another fundamental change in style followed when he moved to Amsterdam around 1681. Influenced by the painting of the French Court, he painted only elegant society scenes in magnificent surroundings.
Homer, Winslow: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Psychological Realism.
Hoogstraten, Samel van: (1627 Dordrecht - 1678 Dordrecht). He was ctaught by his fathert Dirck and, from ca. 1642 until 1648, by Rembrandt in Amsterdam. He worked in Vienna and London until returning to Holland and settling in The Hague in 1666, and in his hometown in 1670. In his thematically varied painting, van Hoogstraten initially followed the style of Rembrandt, but later experienced much success with his trompe l'oeil paintings. He also designed prints, experimented with optical equipment, constructed peep-show boxes, and wrote a number of important essays on art.
Honthorst, Gerrit (Gerad) van: (1590 Utrecht - 1658 Utrecht). He was one of the main exponents of Caravaggism in Utrecht. Trained by Abraham Bloemaert, he worked mainly in Rome between 1610 and 1622, where he was delighted by Caravaggio's work, although he lightened his harsh chiaroscuro efeects. He specialized in night-time pieces, which earned him the sobriquet of 'Gherardo della Notte.' Back in Utrecht, he gradually turned to mythological and Arcadian representations in Classical style. Honthorst also worked at the English court and for the House of Orange.
Hopper, Edward: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Urban Realism.
Horizontal Dimension: The width of an image, sometimes controlling reduction or enlargement in printing.
Horst: Art Category: Wearable Artist. Art Movement: Wearable Art.
Materials and Techniques: Falkland wool; wet felted, dyed.
Size: 150 x 120 x 120 cm.
Hosoban (Japanese): A narrow print size: 13 x 15.625 inches (33 x 14.5 cm).
Hot 110 (Graffiti Term): Synonymous with the term Toy.
Hot Spots (Graffiti Term): Places where graffiti regularly appears.
Houden, Jean-Antoine: (1741 Verailles - 1828 Paris). He Was trained by various different Parisian sculptors, including Réne Michel Slodtz. During a four year stay in Rome, between 1764 and 1768, he trained himself in the style of Antique sculpture. He then relocated to Paris, and joined the Academy there. His works combine Classicist strength of form and Baroque motion, while his figures are filled with a living Realism.
Huet, Paul: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: French Landscape.
Humanism: (Latin: 'humanus' meaning human). A literary force developed in Italy from the mid 14th century which, with its basis in Antiquity, had human existence at its core. A key feature at the time of the Renaissance was man's emancipation from God. This was associated with striving for new spiritual and hard scientific findings based on worldliness. Humanists commit themselves especially the rediscovery and maintenance of the Greek and Latin languages and literature. Even today, the term refers to the supposedly ideal link between education based on traditional learning and humanity that stems from a proximity to and close observation of reality.
Hunter, Anne Maree: Art Category: Printmaker. Art Movement: Expressionism.
Iconoclasm: (Greek meaning - 'Image-breaking'). During the reformation, the battle against religious pictures in churches and the reverence with which they were treated. Oposing Karlstadt ('von Abtuhung der Builder' 1522), Martin Luther King tried to balance Zwingli and Calvin, who radically rejected the admiration of pictures. The hatred of pictures developed most fiercely in the Netherlands (1588).
Note: Iconoclasts argued that religious images had come to be regarded by worshippers as idols, and hence must be displeasing to God. Iconophiles adduced a range of arguments from the Bible and Christian tradition legitimating their use.
Iconography: The conventional meanings of images used to convey or symbolize ideas in works of art; an artist’s distinctive use of visual symbols.
Iconology: The historical study and interpretation of visual symbols in art, with particular attention to their literary origins; the study of religious symbolism.
Idealization: Visual representations, which omit defects or imperfect variations in a form; a type of abstraction; a type of stylization; representation the follow perfect models.
Ideogram: Character which symbolizes an idea by representing an associated object, but does not express sounds of its name; many Chinese characters are ideograms.
Illustration: A term used to distinguish a drawn image from one that is photographed.
Image: The subject to be reproduced as an illustration.
Impasto: Thick, heavy painting; usually oil painting composed of pronounced bristle-brush strokes or palette-knife applications, which stand out in relief and are plainly apparent to the spectator. From the Italian word for paste; paint applied in thick slathers or lumps.
Impressionism: (French). A pictorial form of expression that flourished in France in the last quarter of the 19th century as a reaction to the rigid doctrines of the Academy and of studio, historical, and genre painting. The name is derived from a painting by Claude Monet entitled, 'Impression, Sunrise' (1872, Musée Marmoton, Paris). It was initially used in art criticism as a derogatory term for a group of artists that were excluded from the official Salon, who had their first group exhibition in the studio of Parisian photographer Nadar in 1874. As a new form of naturalism, Impressionism negates traditional picture means and, in a wholly revolutionary way, interprets the natural object solely through color.
Indiana, Robert: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Pop Art.
Ingres, Jean-Auguste-Dominique: (1780 Montauben - 1867 Paris.) Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: Academic Classicism, Romanticism.
He studied latterly in Paris under Jacques-Louis David. He lived in Florence and Rome from 1808 to 1824, then returned to Paris. In 1853 he followed a call to Accademia in Rome and taught there until 1841. Initially influenced by David's work, Ingres gradually turned to Renaissance. He attempted to harmonize ideal forms and naturalness in his style. As an exponent of late Classicism, he was a counterpart to Delacroix, who was strongly opposed to this type of 'offical' art.
Insides (Graffiti Term): Graffiti done inside trains, trams, or buses. In 1970s New York, there was as much graffiti inside the subway trains as outside, and the same is true of some cities today (like Rome, Italy and Melbourne, Australia). While still very common, "insides" are often perceived as being less artistic.
Instrumentalism: A term used to describe the critical position that greatness in art results from effectiveness in advancing the objectives of humanity usually defined by one of a number of major social or economic institutions; family, church, state, guild, firm, political party, corporation.
Intaglio: Carving in which the design is cut into the surface - opposite to relief.
Intensity: (i) The relative number of photons that flood the optical nerve of the eye. Low intensity colors suggest few photons are registered compared to very intense colors; (ii) The degree of chromatic reflection; the less white light reflected from a surface the more intense the chromatic or the black effect will be; (iii) In color, a high degree of brightness; the fullest manifestations of a color chroma, its freedom from black, white or grey. In aesthetics, high emotional excitation.
Interlocking Pattern: An arrangement in which motifs are linked or otherwise fit together so that one cannot be moved without affecting others. See also tessellations.
International Style: First applied to Gothic art; the style of architecture and Unitarian designed developed in the 1920s by Walter Gropius, Mies van der Rohe and Le Corbusier; an outgrowth of the Bauhaus philosophy.
Intjalki, Atipalku: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Traditional Aboriginal Art - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Intonaco: The final layer of lime plaster upon which a fresco is painted. This is only one of the Italian terms for specific layers of fresco plaster that is in wide use.
Irregular Repeat: A design based on the same principles as the half-drop and brick layout repeats, but in which consecutive units are not always moved by a fraction of the repeat size.
Isometric Projection: Axonometric projection in which axes are arranged at 120o to each other and all dimensions along axes are in the same scale ratio.
Istoriato: Italian meaning “historiated”. Italian Renaissance maiolica decorated with a narrative (historical, religious, classical) or other figural scene.
Italian Quilting: A stitched and padded type of quilting similar to trapunto, except that the padding takes the form of a thick yarn padding inserted between two parallel rows of stitching, creating a linear type of raised design.
Itten, Johannes: Art Category: Painter (Bauhaus). Art Movement: Abstract Color.
Japonaiserie: Japanese porcelain and lacquer inspired in the European mind set of decorative ideas slightly different from those of chinoiserie.
Jawlensky, Alexey: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: German Expressionism.
Johansson, Erik: Art Category: Photography. Art Movement: Realistic Surrealism.
Technique: Photo realistic surrealism.
Johns, Jasper: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Abstract Expressionism.
Johnson, Eastman: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Psychological Realism.
Johnson, Tim: Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: Post Modernism, Post Modern Appropriation.
Jonas, Marty: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Technique: Hand-dyed silk thread, dyed silk fabric using soy wax resist, crocheted circles, hand embroidery.
Jones, Allen: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: British Pop Art.
Jones, Peggy Napangardi: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Traditional Aboriginal Art - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Technique: Handpainted silk.
Jordaans, Jacob: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: 17th Century Painters.
He was one of Flanders' leading Baroque artists. He trained under Adam van Noort (who also taught Rubens) from 1607 to 1615. He joined the Artists' Guild in 1515 and became Dean in 1621. He frequently collaborated with Rubens on large representative commisssions. Jordaans' style was similar to Caravaggio's, and also incorporated the realistic tendencies in Dutch art. Although a strict Calvinist, his works - which covered a wide range of subjects - consisted of strong, brightly colored, cheery figures.
Jugendstil: See Art Nouveau.
Junk Art: The use of rubbish or trivial objects (by Schwitters, Duchamp, Dubuffet and others) to create images and objects; an extension of the collage idea.
Kachōga (Flower and Bird Painting - Japanese): A term used to designate a genre in prints and paintings with floor-and-bird themes.
Kagajo, Ken: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Kahlo, Frida Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Naïve Realism.
Kain Panjang: Long cloth, approximately two to three meters (6.5-10ft) long, densely decorated with batik designs and with a border at one end.
Kakemono-e (Hanging Scroll Picture - Japanese): A vertical ōban diptych: 30 x 9 inches (76.5 x 23 cm).
Kandinsky, Wassily: Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: Cubism, Blue Rider – German Expressionism, Russian Intermezzo, Biomorphic Abstraction.
Kanō School (Japanese): An official school of painters that worked in a style based in Chinese ink painting tradition of kanga.
Kantilla, Osmond: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movements: Tiwi Design - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Karritpul, Kieren: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Traditional Aboriginal Art - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Technique: Acrylic on linen.
Kee, Jenny: Art Category: Fashion Art. Art Movement: Wearable Art.
Keiffer, Audrey Victoria: Art Category: Surface Design. Art Movement: Illustrative.
Kelly, Elsworth: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Minimalism.
Kentō (Japanese): Registration marks cut at the edges of the woodblocks.
Kenyon, Jane: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Abstract Expressionism.
Materials and Technique: Thread painting in rayon and cotton thread.
Kerkovious, Ida: Art Category: Weaver. Art Movement: Bauhaus.
Keyline (Graffiti Term): The line that runs around the outside of a piece.
Khadda, Mohamed: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Khnopff, Fernand: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Symbolism.
Kill (Graffiti Term): To bomb excessively.
Kim, Sora: Art Category: Sculptor. Art Movement: Post Modernism.
Kinetic Art: Mainly three-dimension or sculptural art, which seems to move spontaneously in space (as in a Calder mobile) by the aid of a mechanism or through some naturally recurring force, like tide, wind or water.
King (Graffiti Term): The opposite of toys. Kings or queens (feminine) are writers especially respected among other writers. This is sometimes separated into "inside" and "outside" kings. To be a king of the inside means you have most tags inside trains (to "own the inside"), and to "own the outside" means having most pieces on the train surface. There are kings of style among a variety of other categories and the term is regionally subjective. For example, in Los Angeles a "King" would be someone who has achieved status by years in the graffiti longevity, style, ups, and originality. Self-declared kings will often incorporate crowns into their pieces; a commonly used element of style. However the people must be very self-confident when doing it, since other great writers tend to slash out self-proclaimed kings who have not gained that rank yet in their eyes. Typically a writer can only become a king if another king with that status already has expressed so.
Kirchner, Ernst Ludwig: Art Category: Woodcuts, Painter. Art Movements: Bridge (Bruck), Blue Rider (Blaue Reiter), German Expressionism.
Kissel, Kevin: Art Category: Cloth. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Materials and Techniques: Cotton, fibre-reactive dyes, textile paint, silk embroidery floss, handwoven cloth, warp and weft Ikat, hand embroidered.
Kitaj, Ronald: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: British Pop Art.
Kitsch: Mediocrity in the highest degree. In aesthetics, pretentiously bad art; bad taste in art; cheap, mass-produced objects and images designed to arouse easy emotions.
Klee, Paul: Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: Precursor to Surrealism, Blue Rider – German Expressionism, Abstract Creationism.
Kleinmeister: German meaning 'little master.' Engravers who followed Albrecht Durer and were known for small, Italianate engravings prized by collectors.
Klimt, Gustav: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Art Nouveau.
Kline, Franz: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Abstract Expressionism.
Kloiber, Joan: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Technique: Cotton, threads, flourpaste, textile paint. Mono print, embroidered.
Koban (Japanese): A format used for smaller print sizes: it was frequently half the aiban or chūban sizes.
Kōbu Bijutsu Gakkō (Technical Art School - Japanese): An official school established on the campus of the Imperial College in 1876 with the purpose of providing instruction in the Western Arts. It closed in 1883.
Kngwarray, Emily: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Traditional Aboriginal Art - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Technique: Batik on silk.
Kokoschka, Oskar: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Expressionism.
Kollwitz, Kathe: Art Category: Printmaker, Sculptor. Art Movement: Expressionism.
Kore: Plural: korae. Greek meaning: 'girl.' A Greek statue of a girl or young woman.
Kornblum, Julie: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Orphism.
Technique: Crocheted wire.
Kouros: Plural: kouroi. A Greek statue of a boy or young man.
Krischer, Lauren Elizabeth: Art Category: Surface Designer. Art Movement: Digital.
Krylon (Graffiti Term): A paint brand that was one of the most popular with writers, it is thought of virtually synonymous with graffiti, due to general quality and availability. Heavily used during the hey-day of the New York City Subway graffiti era during the early 1970s to late 1980s, it has a nostalgic status. Starting in mid-2008, the brand introduced a generation of paint can design with an irremovable cap system that sprays a rectangular coverage instead of the circular coverage preferred by writers. The paint quality is runnier and translucent in comparison to graffiti specialty brands. Sherwin Williams, Krylon's parent company, has dominated a significant portion of the paint market and many retail outlets stock only Krylon paints. For this reason, Krylon is categorized into three groups:
• 360 krylon – from the 'Ez touch 360 dial control' label.
• triple krylon – from the 'No Runs, No Drips, No Errors' label.
• original krylon – The first line of cans, sought after as a collectors item.
It is considered to be an indication of being a toy if one chooses 360 Krylon.
Kubin, Alfred: Art Category: Graphic Designer. Art Movement: Expressionism.
Kuder, Kristi: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Title (bottom): Wheels Rock My World.
Technique: Photographic images manipulated on computer, digitally printed on fabric, hand stitched on cotton.
Kuehn, Candy: Art Category: Fashion Art. Art Movement: Wearable Art.
Kulyuru, Angkuna: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movements: Traditional Aboriginal Art - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Kulyuru, Unurupa: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Traditional Aboriginal Art - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Kupka, Frantisek: Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: Orphic Cubism, Abstract Creationism.
Kuruwarri: Men's designs and ceremonies (in the Australian Aboriginal Walpiri language).
It is the signs or marks of spirit ancestors (kuruwarri) which are made the foreground of the Lajamanu panels.
Kyōka (Japanese): Proofs.
La Fresnay, Roger de: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Cubism.
Lancaster, Helen: Art Category: Painter, Soft Sculptor, Cloth Artist. Art Movements: Abstract Expressionism, Naïve Realism.
Lancaster, Julie: Art Category: Printmaker. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Landscape Format: Image format in which the width is greater than the height (e.g. portrait format).
Landmark (Graffiti Term): When an individual or crew "tags" on a certain location that becomes very difficult for removal, or is obscure and hidden from the "buff". This will usually be demarcated with a signature that documents the time that they were written. Graffiti that is considered a "landmark" has usually been in place for at least 5 years. These spots are highly respected by other writers, and to go over them can warrant disfavor.
Lane's Net: A pattern of diamonds rotated by 45 and 90 degrees. Diamonds are filled with thin lines radiating from the opposing ends. Legendarily, created by accident in England in the first part of the 19th century and is believed to engender the class of eccentrics.
Larionov, Michael: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Rayonism.
Lateral Reversal: The transposing of an image from left to right as in a mirror reflection.
La Tour, Georges de: (1593 Vic-sur-Seille - 1652 Lunéville.) He was first mentioned in Lunéville in Lorraine in 1618. He worked for Duke Charles IV of Lorraine, and for French King Louis XIII; he was appointed court painter in 1646. The few remaining religious historical and genre paintings are night pieces. His compositions, which consists of a few large figures at the front and reflect a strong management of contrasting light effects, are based on the style of the Caraveggists, although the shapes are highly simplified.
La Tour, Maurice Quentin de: (1704 Saint-Quentin - 1788 Saint-Quentin). He was a student of Flemish artist Jean Jacques Spoëde and Claude Dupouch. After spending time in England and in his hometown, he lived in Paris from 1727 to 1784. He devoted himself entirely to watercolors, which were just coming into fashion, and produced a number of portraits in which he attempted to characterize the sitter psychologically as well as producing a clearly defined, carefully shaded likeness. An extraordinarily successful artist, he became a member of the Académie Royale in 1748 and was appointed Peintre du Roi in 1750.
Latticework: A design of interlacing, crisscrossing stripes forming a network. See also trellis.
Laurens, Henri: Art Category: Sculptor. Art Movement: Cubism.
Lawrence, Alma-Tadema: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Academic Classicism.
Lawrence, Leslie: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Aboriginal Dreaming.
Material and Technique: Screen print on Cotton.
Size: 445.0 x 137.0 cm.
Layout: (i) An outline or sketch, which gives the general appearance of the printed material, indicating the relationship between illustration(s) and/or text; (ii) An arrangement of motifs in a pattern, such as diamond, drop, gradation, grid, spot and others. Also called repeat system.
Leach, Sam: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Italian Baroque.
Legal (Graffiti Term): A graffiti piece or production that is made with permission. Writers normatively have to have gained experience writing illegal graffiti in the streets for a considerable amount of time to be respected for legal graffiti. See Hosier Lane, Melbourne, Australia for 'Legal' works.
Leandre, Charles-Lucien: Art Category: Art Posters. Art Movement: Belle Époque poster art.
Technique: Color lithograph.
Size: 100.8 x 72.3 cm.
Leaslie, Lawrence: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Aboriginal Culture.
Technique: Screen print on Cotton.
Size: 445.0 x 137.0 cm.
Leger, Fernand: Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: Impressionism, Orphic Cubism.
Lehmbruck, Wilhem: Art Category: Sculptor. Art Movement: Neo-Classical.
Leighton, Frederic: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Academic Classicism.
Le Nain, Louis: (1600/1610 Laon - 1648 Paris). He maintained a shared studioin Paris with his brothers Antoine (1588-1648) and Mathieu (1607-1677). Le Nain was the most talentd of the three brothers, although it is often difficult to differentiate between their work. He was made a member of the Académie Royale de Peinture et Sculpture in 1648. In addition to historical pictures, the Le Nains painted mainly scenes from simple farmer's lives, which provided strong contrast to the court art of the time.
Leonardo de Vinci: (1452 Vinci, Empoli - 1519 Cloux, Amboise). He trained in Florence from about 1468 under Verocchio, for whom he continued to work until 1477 after joining the Guild of Artists. He served Ludovico il Moro in Milan from 1482/83 to 1499, and returned there in 1506 after traveling to Mantua, Venice, and Florence. He went to Rome in 1513, then to France in 1516 when summoned by Francis I. As a painter,sculptor, architect, engineer, art theoretician, and scientist, Leonardo was the first to embody the Renaissance ideal of the universally educated artist.
Lewers, Gerald: Art Category: Sculptor. Art Movement: Modernism.
Lewers, Margo: Art Category: Painter, Constructivist, Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Abstract Expressionism.
Lewis, Wyndham: Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: Cubism; Futurism.
Leyden, Lucas van: (1494 Leiden - 1533 Leiden). He was known for his extensive graphic work, several large winged altars, small portriats, and allegorical genre scenes, which werre still somewhat usual at the time. He met Albrecht Düer in Antwerrp in June 1521, a meeting which had a lasting affect on him. Jan Gossaert, the teacher of Romance languages and literature, became more of an influence, and Italian elements gradually became more evident in Lucas van Leyden's work.
Liberty Style: An allover, small-scale organic (usually floral and other plant-inspired) printed or dyed patterns, characterized by highly stylized, flowing curvilinear forms and subtle, artistic tones of Art Nouveau, developed by Liberty & Co. of London.
Lichtenstein, Roy: Art Category: Painter, Printmaker. Art Movement: Pop Art.
Liebermann, Max: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Impressionism.
Limmer, Andrea: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Expressionism.
Materials and Technique: Cotton duck, cheesecloth, paper, silk, thread, gesso, Summinagashi, photo transfer, and machine stitched.
Line-up: An unintentional straight line formed by motifs in a horizontal, vertical, or diagonal direction.
Lipchitz, Jacques: Art Category: Sculptor. Art Movements: Cubism, African Art.
Lippi, Filippi: (1408 Florence - 1489 Spoleto). He was a Camelite monk in Florence, but later left the monastery and married. He worked mainly in Florence. Between 1452 and about 1484 he produced the large cathedral frescoes in Prato, although he died before completing the frescoes he begun in Spoleto cathedral in 1487. Lippi's early work was linked to that of Masolino. From 1437 his work revealed a special beauty of line as well as a sculptural development of shape. Lippi's students included his son, Filippino Lippi, and Sandro Botticelli, among others.
Lissitzky, El: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Suprematism.
Locke-Maclean, Maureen: Art Category: Fashionable Art. Art Movement: Wearable Art.
Lock On (Graffiti Term): Sculpture art in a public space, typically chained to public furniture with an old bike lock. The Lock On style is a 'non destructive' form of underground art.
Logo Patterns: Patterns created from a logo. Used on stationary, fabric, and other identity items.
Long, Richard: Art Category: Constructivist. Art Movement: Earthen Artworks.
Lorenzo di Credi: (ca. 1458 Florence - 1537 Florence). He was a student of Andrea del Verocchio, under whom Leonardo de Vinci was also studying at the same time. His religious pictures and portraits are noteqworthy for their technical perfection and the sporadic Dutch influence in the coloring, although his repertoire was limited to faces and figures.
Lorrain, Claude: (1600 Chamagne, Lorraine - 1682 Rome). His real name was Claude Gellée; also known as 'Le Lorrain' - the man from Lorraine. He moved to Rome around 1613, and lived there for the rest of his life apart from the years 1625 to 1627, which he spent in France. A member of the Roman Accademia, Lorrain soon became the leading landscape artist. In contrast to Poussin's heroic interpretation of nature, he developed the lyrical, romantic style evident in his idealistic landscapes, which were bathed in golden morning or evening light.
Lotte, Lorenzo: (ca. 1480 Venice - 1558 Loreto). He was first mentioned in 1503. He was an important intermediary between the Venetian old masters and the later Baroque art of upper Italy. Much traveled, working in Treviso, Recanati, Bergamo, Venice, and Ancona, among other places. Initially his work leaned toward Bellini and Antonello de Messina, then to Giorgino, Titian, and Raphael. He developed a sensitive feeling for human expressions and the representation of moving figures, and had an unique understanding of how to reproduce marterials and colors.
Louail, Mohamed: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Louis, Morris: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Abstract Color-Field.
Louis, Seraphine: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Naïve Realism.
Low, Elizabeth: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Naïve Realism.
Materials and Technique: Thick and thin embroidery threads, wool. Wrapping on cardboard, knitting, embroidery.
Lowry, Laurence Stephenson: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Naïve Art.
Loy, Abbie: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movements: Traditional Aboriginal Art - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Technique: Batik on silk.
Luks, George: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Dutch Realism Re-Visited.
Luster Painting: (French: lustre means 'to shine.' Latin: lustrare means 'to make light.') Extremely thin, metallic shimmering painting on glass, faience, or porclain in different shades resulting from the particular copper or silver used. Red luster paint has been found in Egyptian sarcophagi. The luster technique was used in painting well into the 17th century.
Macpherson, Karen: Art Category: Soft Sculptor. Art Movement: Modernism.
Materials and Techniques: Plastic discards which include perming curlers, toothbrush ends, cable ties, safety pins and round stalks.
Maestà: (Italian meaning 'majesty, throned in majesty'). Term for the strict form of representation of the Mother of God and the Christ child surrounded by angels and saints. This motif is found predominantly in Italian art of the 13th and 14th centuries.
Maillol, Aristide: Art Category: Sculptor. Art Movement: Neo-Classical.
Major Key: The organization of values in a work that produces high contrast.
Malevich, Kasimir: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Suprematism.
Man, Ray: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Cubism.
Manet, Edouard: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Impressionism.
Manifold, Marion: Art Category: Printmaker. Art Movement: Post Modernism.
Manion, Irene: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Naïve Realism.
Materials and Techniques: Digitally developed image based on photographs and watercolors of the lorikeet. Dye sublimation print onto polyester fabric. Hand and machine embroidered using rayon threads.
Mannerism: (French maniére, meaning 'manner way.' Latin: manuarius, meaning 'of the hands). The period of art between Renaissance and Broque, approximately 1520/1530-1600. Mannerism dispenses with the ideal, harmonious shapes, proportions, and compositions developed in the Renaissance. Thus this style makes picture scenes more dynamic, and extends the human body and its representation in anatomically contradictory positions. It involves an excessive complication of compositions, an irrational and strongly theatricalized treatment of light, and a dissolution of the strict way in which light is bound to an object.
Mantegna, Andrea: (1431 Isola di Carturo, Padua - 1506 Mantua). He was one of the defining artists of the Early Renaissance. Studied in Padua under Squarcione, where he worked indepenpendly from 1448, but spent most of his life as a court artist to the Gonzaga family in Mantua. Mentegna's works are noteworthy for the anatomical construction of the figures, the precise attention to detail, and virtuoso construction of perspective. These innovations strongly influenced his brothers-in-law Gentile and Giovanni Bellini, and were taken north of the Alps in his copper engravings.
Mantle: Clay mould around a wax model.
Maquette-bozzetto: Rough model for sculpture.
Maralngurra, Gabriel: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Traditional Aboriginal Art - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Title: Gabriel Maralngurra and Ray Young - Barramundi.
Materials and Technique: Screen-printed cotton twill.
Marc, Franz: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Blue Rider, German Expressionism.
Marcoussis, Louis: Art Category: Painter, Etcher. Art Movements: Impressionism, Cubism.
Margritte, Rene: Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: Primitive Art, Dada, Surrealism.
Marin, John: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Cubism Revisited.
Marouflage: Process of affixing canvas to a wall by means of a cement, traditionally white lead ground in oil.
Marquet, Albert: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Fauvism.
Married Couple (Graffiti Term): Two simultaneous whole cars painted next to each other. Some artists make fun of the term by connecting the two paintings across the car-gap often in a humoristic or obvious way to signal the marriage. (Subway cars permanently coupled and sharing a single air-compressor and electrical generator between them are technically married pairs.)
Martin, Cherilyn: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Materials and Techniques: Cotton, silk organza, fusible webbing, batting. Controlled rusting with screen printing, machine stitching, burning, fusing.
Martin, John: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Romantic Landscape.
Martin, Florence & Kathleen: Art Category: Wearable Art. Art Movement: Wearable Art.
Martini, Simone: (?1284 Siena - 1344 Avignon). He was the main exponent of Gothic painting in Siena and was held in high esteem around 1315. He was in the service of his hometown of Siena and of the king, Robert d'Anjou, in Naples. By 1339 he had joined the papal court in Avignon, where he met and befriended the Italian poet and scholar, Petrarch. Next to that of Giotto, his style of art, which is noted for its elegance, sensitivity, and gentle lyricism, was the most important of the 14th century, and its influence spread far beyond the borders of Italy.
Maruyama/Shijō (Japanese): School of naturalistic paintings of the Edo period, led by Kyoto painter Maruyama Okyo (1733 - 95). Matsamura Goshun (1752 - 1811) is best known as the founder of another school of naturalistic paintings called Shijō. Jointly this style is known as Maruyama/Shijō.
Massacre (Graffiti Term): When municipal authorities take down or cover up an accumulation of tags and pieces, leaving a blank space.
Masson, Andre: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Surrealism.
Massys, Quentin: (ca. 1468 Leuwen - 1530 Antwerp). He joined the Antwerrp Guild of St. Luke in 1491 as a free master. He was the first of the Dutch artist to represent man as an idependent indivual without referring to Christain iconography. He initially followed artists such as Bouts but later combined Old Dutch tradition of painting with Renaissance-like elements, and was strongly inspired by Leonardo da Vinci. Quentin Massys occassionally collaborated with the landscape artist Joachin Patenir.
Mathieu, Georges: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Matisse, Henri: Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: Expressionism, Fauves.
Matrix Formatting Screen Printing (MFSP): This technique was developed by Marie-Therese Wisniowski. It involves creating a number of images that are then spliced together to form a matrix. The base unit is overlaid by the components of the matrix during the screen printing process. This gives the works an underlying symmetry, which projects a real sense of vibrancy.
Matta, Roberto: Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: Surrealism, Abstract Expressionism.
Matte: Having a dull, almost non-reflective surface; the opposite of glossy. Matte varnishes protect a painting without glossiness.
Max, Ernst: Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: German Expressionism, Dada, Surrealism.
Mayo, Rebecca: Art Category: Printmaker, Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Realism.
McCavour, Amanda: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
McGavin Smith, Helen: Art Category: Fashion Art. Art Movement: Wearable Art.
The organically friendly ensemble is hand dyed, knitted, crotched and fuelled from wool, mohair and mercerised cotton.
McKernan, Shirley: Art Category: Fashion Art. Art Movement: Wearable Art.
Materials and Techniques: One ply pure wool yarn and one ply silk/stainless steel yarn. Hand knitting and felting.
McLoughlin, Paula: Art Category: Printmaker. Art Movement: Silhouette Art.
Medallion: A circular part of the design in the shape of a disk, oval, diamond, hexagon, or other rotational figure, typically with a mirror symmetry, often used in the center as a focal point of an engineered design, or as an organic part of the motif.
Meisho-ki (Records of Famous Places - Japanese): Illustrated guides of famous places published for travelers and pilgrims.
Meissonier, Ernest: (1815 Lyon - 1891 Paris)> He was one of the leading Salon painters of his time. He was trained in Paris and exhibited regularly at the Salon from 1834 onward. He traveled to Italy in 1859, 1860, and 1870, and became a member of the Académie de Beaux-Arts in 1861. He and Purvis de Chavannes founded the Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts in 1890. Meissonier initally produced miniature genre paintings, and later portraits and rerpresentations of France's war history.
Meléndez, Luis: (1716 Naples - 1780 Madrid). He is widely regarded as one of the leading Spanish still-life artists of the 18th century. He had an Italian mother and a Spanish father. The family moved to Spain in 1717, where Meléndez later worked as a miniaturist, like his father before him. He became known for his still lifes when commissioned to produce a sequence of 44 paintings for the castle at Aranjuez, which he did between 1760 and 1773.
Musée du Louvre.
Memling, Hans: (ca. 1435 Seligenstadt am Main - 1494 Bruges). He originally came from the Middle Rhine region; there is evidence of his presencee in Brussels in 1485. In Bruges from 1486. He started with the art of Weyden and Bouts, and found his own style around 1470. This is noted for its opulent colorfulness, the grace of the figures, and carefully observed details. Memling varied the details widely and combined them to create a calmly ordered unit. In his later works he included elements from the Italian Early Renaissance.
Menhir: A single, uncut, prehistoric megalith.
Meryon, Charles: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: French Realism.
Mesli, Choukri: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Post Modernism.
Metlicovitz, Leopoldo: Art Category: Art Posters. Art Movement: Belle Époque poster art.
Technique: Color lithograph.
Size: 141.6 x 100.4 cm.
Metzinger, Jean: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Cubism.
Mew, Olivia: Art Category: Surface Designer. Art Movement: Floral.
Mezzotint: Engraving process producing tonal effects.
Michel, Georges: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: French Landscape.
Michelangelo, Buonarroti: (1475 Caprese, Tuscany - 1465 Rome). He was born Michelangiolo di Ludovico di Lionardo di Buonarroti Simoni. He was an imposing figure in Western Art. In Florence, he worked mainly for Lorenzo dé Medici, which inspired him to study Antiquity and philosophy. He was associated with the Vatican in Rome for a long time and in 1535 was appointed senior architect, sculptor and painter. Michelangelo developed entirely new forms of expression in his art and produced independent spiritual creations of high sculptural intensity.
Mie (Japanese): A dramatic pose in aragoto style Kabuki.
Millefleurs: French for thousand flowers. A flower-studded pattern with naturalistically depicted flowers, originally used on medieval pictorial tapestries.
Millet, Jean-Francois: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: French Realism.
Mimesis: The Greek word for imitation or reproduction; the theory generally attributed to Aristotle that art is the imitation of human beings in action.
Mimi: Aboriginal spirit figures that appear depicted on rock walls of Western Arnhem land (Australia) and Kakadu. Also refers to a style of Aboriginal painting which incorporates images of these spirits.
Minimal Art: Abstract style using geometric shapes and primary colors.
Minimalism: A style of non-representational art that restricts itself to a very few visual elements organized as simply as possible.
Minoan Art: Stone, Copper, and Bronze Age art on Crete. The term was coined by archeologist Arthur John Evans (1851-1941) after the legendary King Minos. From the stratigraphic finds in Knossos, Minoan Art (ca. 2700-1100 B.C) was divided into three main periods (early, middle, and late Minoan), each of which consists of three phases (I,II and III). Egyptian vases, small sculptures, and scarabs found with the Crean objects were used to establish an absolute chronology. The sparse finds of the so-called First Palace Period (ca. 2000-1700 B.C.) did not present any sort of continuous picture, and investigations and descriptions of Minoan art were based largely on finds from the Second Palace Period (ca. 1700-1400 B.C.), which was when Crete peaked economically, politically, and culturally. Palace architecture in Knossos, Phaestos, Malia, and Agia Triada, unfortified and some with wall paintings of great artistic significance, from economic centers of this peaceful culture with its highly developed knowledge and understanding of technology. Ceremics peaked in the late Minoan period I (ca. 1580-1480 B.C.), in which the lack of any form of human representation is a key feature of the so-called floral and sea styles; preferred shapes are the arched pot and funnel-shaped contianers.
Miny'tji: Painted Aboriginal clan patterns or design in Central and North-Eastern Arnhem land (Australia).
Miro, Joan: Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: Cubism, Dada, Surrealism, Biomorphic Forms.
Miso: Art Category: Paste-up artist; Painter, Drawer. Art Movements: Russian Constructivism; Street Art.
Mitate (Japanese): A parody of respected themes.
Mitakiki, Mona: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Traditional Aboriginal Art - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Material and Technique: Cotton batik.
Mobile: Abstract construction with part that move when pushed or blown.
Modeling: In sculpture, the direct forming of materials such as wax, clay, wood, stone. In painting, the creation of more-or-less sculpture illusions.
Modernism: Successive late nineteenth-century and twentieth century movements that have broken with the past in search of new forms of expressions.
Modern Movement: A late nineteenth-century and early twentieth century tendency in architecture and design. Often characterized by the use of rectilinear forms and abstract motifs, it was frequently associated with an intention of mechanized mass-production.
Modersohn-Becker, Paula: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: German Expressionism.
Modigliani, Amedeo: Art Category: Painter, Sculptor. Art Movements: Post Impressionism, Modernism.
Moholy-Nagy, Ladislaus: Art Category: Painter, Constructivist. Art Movements: Suprematism, Kinetic Sculpture.
Moire: Ripples, wavy lines, and similar effects produced by superposition of two or more simpler patterns, for example, two sets of lines.
Mon (Japanese): Family crest.
Mondrian, Piet: (1872-1944) Dutch abstract painter who limited himself to rectangular forms and few colors. Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: de Stijl.
Monet, Claude: (1840 Paris - 1928 Giverny). Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Impressionism.
He grew up in Le Havre, where Boudin inspired him to try plein-air painting. Studied at the Académie Suisse in Paris from 1859, where he met Pissaro, and at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts. Like that of Bazille, Renoir, and Sisley, his work was mainly of nature. In London during the war years of 1870/71, he saw Turner's work. He lived in Argenteuil from 1872 to 1878, then in Vétheuil, Possy near Paris and from 1883 in Giverny. Monet's oeuvre is the very embodiment of Impressionism.
Montage: Assembling portions of several images to form a single original. In other words, a method of composition in photography, cinema and television; the technique of combining imagery from various sources to create a unified visual presentation; film editing; superimposition, intercutting, overlapping etc.
Monumentality: The combined quality of dignity, grandeur, and impressiveness, especially in architecture and sculpture, regardless of actual size.
Moore, Henry: Art Category: Sculptor. Art Movement: Primitive Art.
Mop (Graffiti Term): A type of homemade graffiti marker used for larger tags that often has a round nib and leaves a fat, drippy line. Mops may be filled with various inks or paints.
Mor van Dashorst, Anthonis: (1519 Utrecht - 1575 Antwerp). There is evidence that he was working as an indpendent artist and a citizen of Utrecht in 1548. He moved to Antwerp in 1547 after visting Italy. In 1549 he entered into the service of Anton Perrenot de Granvella, the bishop of Arras, who introduced Mor to the courts of the Habsburgs in the Netherlands and Spain. Mor traveled widely and painted most of the rulers of his day before finally settling in Antwerp in 1568.
Moreau, Gustave: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Symbolism.
Morgan, Leslie: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Abstract Expressionism.
Morisot, Berthe Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Impressionism.
Morley, Malcolm: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Superrealism.
Morrissey, Gerard: Art Category: Film Maker, Printmaker. Art Movement: Realism.
Mosaic: A surface decoration or picture made with pieces of colored glass, stone or ceramic (called Tesserae) set into cement or mastic; typical of a wall, apse and dome decoration of Byzantine churches.
Motherwell, Robert: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Abstract Expressionism.
Motif: One or many distinctive and recurring elements, forms, shapes, or figures that make up a design.
Motion Tagging (Graffiti Term): Writing on subway cars while they are in service. Also referred to as 'Motioning.'
MTA (Graffiti Term): Mad Transit Artists Bronx crew from the late 1970s led by CHINO MALO and REE aka OPEL.
Mucha: Art Category: Printmaker. Art Movement: Art Nouveau.
Muddle, Gloria: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Abstract Expressionism.
Materials and Techniques: Frosted glass mounted onto foam core board, painted and sealed with acrylic sealer. Background painted with acrylic paint onto cotton, free machined with some hand sewing.
Mueller, Otto: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: German Expressionism.
MultiSperse Dye Sublimation (MSDS): Developed by Marie-Therese Wisniowski, the MSDS technique employs disperse dyes and involves hand printing multiple resists and multiple overprinted layers employing numerous color plates, mixed media and low relief plant materials. The completed works are rich in color, light, shade, contrast, movement and depth. The multiple layers also imbue a painterly aesthetic and textural, three-dimensional quality to the finished ArtCloth works. Each print is unique and cannot be replicated.
Munch, Edvard: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: German Expressionism.
Munnich, Hermy: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Traditional Aboriginal Art - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Materials and Technique: Marbled silk produced by taking a "print" from fabric paints floated on a corraghen gum bath.
Mural: Any large wall painting. See Fresco.
Mural (Graffiti Term): See piece.'
Murillo, Bartolomé Esteban: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Baroque.
He was Spain most famous Broque artist. He worked mainly in Seville and was one of the founders of an academy of art there in 1660. At the start of his career he received important encouragement from Zurbaran and Ribera. Around 1650 he modeled his painting on van Dyck, Rubens and Raphael. Murillo developed an airy style, the 'estilo vaporoso,' in his religious paintings and genre scenes, with gentle contours, warm, gently shaded colors, and a gold or silver sheen.
Musha-e (Japanese): Warrior picture.
Musoma, Charity vd Meer: Art Category: Wearable Artist. Art Movement: Wearable Art.
Materials and Techniques: Wool, silk; nuno techniques.
Size: 38 cm.
Nadar, Felix: Art Category: Photographer. Art Movement: French Realism.
Nagasaki-e (Nagasaki Pictures - Japanese): Souvenir prints made at Nagasaki which primarily represents foreigners.
Naïve Art: The art of untrained or self-taught artists; the art of preliterate peoples. See Primitive Art.
Namatjira, Albert Art Category: Water Colorist. Art Movement: Australian Landscapes.
Nanga (or Bunjinga - Japanese): A style of painting drawn from the literati tradition in China.
Japanese Painting: Nanga and Bunging School.
Napaltjarri, Tjunkiya: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movements: Traditional Aboriginal Art - Symbolism?Environmental Art.
Materials and Techniques: Batik On Cotton (Kintyre, Australia).
Nash, Dominie: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Abstract Expressionism.
Naturalism: The doctrine that art should consist of exact transcription of visual appearances.
Naturalistic: A design with realistic depictions of organic or non-organic forms.
Neats: A neat is an allover, small-scaled, spaced pattern with floral or geometric motifs usually printed in one or two colors on a white or colored ground. Inexpensive to produce and economical for dressmaking.
Negative Space: The area between motifs in a layout.
Neo-Baroque: Also known as New Baroque. A historicizing style reflecting Baroque, most popular during the sceond half of the 19th century. The French Neo-Baroque had the maxiumm international effect. It also contained style elements of the Italian-French Early Renaissance and became one of the state styles in the Second Empire under Naspoleon III. Other key examples: Louis Visconti's (1791-1853) and Hectr Lefuel's (1810-1880) extensions to the Louvre, and Théodore Ballu's (1817-1885) to the La Trinité church (1863-1867).
Neoclassical Style: Also known as new classicism. A term used in northwestern European countries to denote a movement of Western art that was based on Antiquity. Also used to describe historicizing 20th-century architecture trends involving the reappearance of colossal arrangements of pillars. Examplles are from National-Socialist Germany (e.g., the Haus der Kunst in Munich) and Facist Italy (e.g., Milan's main railroad station) and the 1930s architecture of France (e.g., the Musée d'Art Moderne, Paris, 1937). It therefore drew (with varying degrees of accuracy) on the forms and motifs of Greek and Roman antiquity.
Neo-Gothic Style: The name given to various revivals in architecture and design in Europe and the USA, from mid eighteenth century onwards, of medieval forms and decorative motifs. It was associated in mid nineteenth century Europe particularly with the work of architects such as A.W.N. Pugin and E. Viollet-Le-Duc.
Neolithic: Also Stone Age; starting about 10,000 or 8,000 BC; beginnings of settled living; farming, animal husbandry, spinning, weaving and fired pottery.
Neo-Plasticism: A twentieth century style of painting, mainly associated with Piet Mondrian and the De Stijl group in Holland; characterized by limited palette (black, white and primaries) and restriction to absolutely vertical and horizontal forms.
Note: Inspired by Mondrian.
Neo-Renaissance Style: The name given to mid- to late nineteenth century rivals, in architecture and design, of Italian and French styles of the sixteenth century and of English Tudor and Jacobean styles.
Newman, Barnett: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Abstract Color-Field.
New School (Graffiti Term): Contemporary writing culture (post 1984). This date can vary greatly depending upon who you ask.
Ngal, Gloria: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movements: Traditional Aboriginal Art - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Materials and Techniques: Batik on silk.
Niati, Houria: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Post Modernism.
Nicer (tag): Art Category: Muralist. Art Movement: Street Art.
Nicholson, Ben: Art Category: Painter, Sculptor. Art Movement: Geometrical Reliefs.
Nihonga (Japanese-Style Painting): A Meiji-period and later style based in traditional Japanese painting which employed ink and watercolor on silk and paper.
Nihon Bijutsuin: Japanese Art Institute.
Nishiki-e (Brocade Pictures - Japanese): Prints which employ multiple color blocks.
Nitten (Japanese): Abbreviation for 'Nihon bijutsu tenrankai', meaning Japanese Art Exhibition.
Nolan, Sydney: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Expressionist Surrealism.
Noland, Kenneth: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Minimalism.
Nolde, Emil Hansen: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Fauves.
Non-directional: A pattern that looks the same from any direction. Same as undirectional pattern. The opposite is a directional pattern.
Non-Objective Art: Literally, art without objects, wholly non-representational art; an art whose images have no obvious models in physical reality. Should not be confused with abstract art.
Ōban: A large print size measuring 15 x 10.25 inches (38 x 26 cm).
Object Print: Another term for a conversational pattern.
Ogee: An onion-shaped motif.
Oiran (Japanese): See tayu.
O’Keeffe, George: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Abstract Expressionism.
Ōkubi-e (Japanese): Large-head pictures.
Old School (Graffiti Term): The writing culture prior to 1984. This date can vary greatly depending upon who you ask.
O’Leary, Catherine: Art Category: Wearable Artist. Art Movement: Wearable Art.
Materials and Techniques: Merino wool fleece silk; wet felted, nuno technique, stitched.
Size: 88 x 65 cm.
Oldenburg, Claes: Art Category: Sculpture. Art Movement: Pop Art.
Olitski, Jules: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Minimalism.
Olson, Kimber: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Materials and Techniques: Disperse dye, polyester, Peltex, thread, bronze wool, stitching, burning.
Ombre: A shaded effect with gradual changes from dark to light in value, and open to closed in coverage.
O'Meara, Kristi: Art Category: Surface Designer. Art Movement: Geometric.
One-directional: A directional pattern that has a distinct top and bottom. Often used in floral, scenic, and figurative designs. See also one-way layout. A typical example is the one-directional allover pattern.
One-Liner (Graffiti Term): A tag, throwie, or bomb written in one constant motion. These may be done with any writing utenzil. The tip or nozzle of the writing implement does not lift from the canvas until the tag is complete.
One-way Layout: A design in which all motifs are oriented the same way. See also one-directional pattern.
Onus, Linus Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Naïve Realism.
Op Art: A style of painting which creates disorienting effects by juxtaposing vibrating colors, after-images, perspectival illusions and subtle, progressive changes of repeated shapes.
Open-air Painting: (Also known as plein-air painting). Painting outside under the open sky as opposed to painting in a studio, the idea being to capture realistically the natural features of a landscape and its moods. Following the example of English landscape artists such as John Constable (1776-1837) and Richard Parkes Bonington (1801-1828), in the mid-1900s, French artists, including members of the Barbizon School, began to paint in the open air.
Opus Tessellatum: A mosaic technique using relatively large tesserae.
Opus Vermiculatum: A Hellenistic mosaic technique associated with Sophilos employing tesserae of cut stone, glass, and faience.
Organic: A design inspired by, based on, or composed of plants or a matter of animal origin. Contrast to geometric.
Orihon (Flooding Book - Japanese): Concertina or accordian book.
Orientalizing Period: Period in Greek Art from ca. 700 to ca. 600 BC, when Eastern influences were introduced to the Phoenicians and Syrians.
Origami: The art of folding paper into decorative shapes and designs.
Orozco, Hose Clemente: Art Category: Muralist. Art Movement: European Barque Style.
Orphists: A school of abstract painters in Paris about 1912, grouped around Robert and Sonia Delaunay, combining Cubist form with vivid, bright colors.
Otte, Benita: Art Category: Weaver. Art Movement: Bauhaus.
Outline (Graffiti Term): The skeleton or frame work of a piece FINAL OUTLINE: After fill-in and designs have been applied the outline is re-executed to define the letters.
Overall: A layout in which motifs are fairly close and evenly distributed as opposed to stripes, borders, plaids, and engineered designs. Another term is allover.
Oyague Jr.,Alfredo 'Per': Art Category: Muralist. Art Movement: Street Art.
Ozenfant, Amedee: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Purism.
Packed: A layout in which the motifs are placed close together.
Paco (tag): Art Category: Muralist. Art Movement: Street Art.
Paint: A viscous liquid made for covering surfaces. Its essential constituent parts are: (i) a pigment; (ii) a vehicle. It can also contain additives to improve or alter its properties; anti-fungicides to inhibit growth of molds; granules to make it easy to apply by brush; substances to hasten its drying; an extender such s chalk to supplement the pigment.
Paint-Eater (Graffiti Term): An unprimed surface such as raw wood or concrete that eats up standard spray paint. If a location has been given the reputation of being a "paint eater" than in such cases a thicker paint should be obtained and executed. Additionally, writers can use house paint to prime the surface before painting.
Painters Tape: Low-tack masking tape.
Painters Touch (Graffiti Term): A brand by Rust-Oleum that is favored for quality and general availability.
Paint Quality: One of the desirable visual attributes of a finished painting; the term does not refer to good or bad ingredients rather to its intrinsic material beauty or its successful surface effects.
Paisley: A stylized teardrop-shaped design that originally appeared on kashmir shawls mass-produced in Paisley, Scotland.
Pala: (Italian meaning table). Altar picture or decoration, either sculpted or painted.
Paleolithic: Also Old Stone Age; from 32,000 BC to about 8,000 BC; the period of cave dwellers who employed tools of stone and bone and lived mainly by hunting and gathering.
Palethorpe, Jan: Art Category: Printmaker. Art Movement: Expressionism.
Palette: A particular range, quality selection or use of colors; also, surface on which to place colors. Also, the tin panel (often with thumb hole) on which a painter mixes pigments; also the colors usually employed by an artists.
Palette Knife: Knife with flexible steel blade and no cutting edge. Used to mix colors, apply thick paint, papier mache or other soft materials used in arts and crafts.
Palmette: A classical motif based on a stylized radiating, fan-shaped palm leaf commonly found in Greek, Egyptian, Assyrian, and other ancient art. Also Anthemion.
Panel Piece (Graffiti Term): A painting below the windows and between the doors of a subway car.
Paolozzi, Eduardo: Art Category: Printmaker, Sculptor. Art Movement: British Pop Art.
Papier-Mâché: A sculptural material made of pulped paper or strips of paper mixed with paste; can be pressed, moulded or modeled when moist; dries hard.
Papyrus: (From the Greek papyros, probably originating from an Egyptian expression meaning 'that of the Pharoh.') Vast number of paprrus plants grew in Antiquity around the Nile delta; used for a wide range of crafts (mats, baskets, architecture, boats, sandals etc.), but also for cult purposes (sacrifices). Because of its highly symbolic value (freshness, fertility, regeneration), it became a design model for architectural forms and cult objects. However, it achieved its greatest significance when its pulp was processed to produce the writing material papyrus; known since the 1st dynasty (ca. 3000 B.C.).
Parallel: Two lines that are perfectly aligned to each other in order that they can never cross.
Parmigianino, Francesco Mazzola: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Mannerism.
Paschke, Teresa: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Abstract Expressionism.
Materials and Technique: Digital photography, wide-format ink-jet printing on cotton canvas with hand painting and embroidery.
Pastel: Drawing or sketch in delicate colors made by using chalky crayon.
Paste Modernism 4: Curated by Ben Frost and presented in partnership with aMBUSH Gallery, Paste Modernism launches its fourth incarnation. The exhibition featured the wheat-pasted paper creations of over 500 artists from across the globe, plastered to every available inch of aMBUSH Gallery’s wall space in a multicoloured onslaught of digital reproductions, hand-painted posters and textual works that explore the social and political concerns of modernity.
Paste-Up: ”Paste-Up” is an ever-expanding and innovative form of street art that involves an artist making their work onto varying sizes of paper and then applying it to walls and surfaces within their urban environment using wheat paste or wall paper glue.
Paste-Up Artists The artist below participated in Paste Modernism 4 (Exhibition in Sydney).
Felipe Pantone, Ben Eine, Pure Evil, Anthony Lister, Buff Monster, Reka, Copyright, Gemma Compton, Bigfoot, Greg Mike, Taylor White, Twoone, Nosego, Ha-Ha, My Dog Sighs, Jeremyville, Smc3, Bridge Stehli, Remi Rough, Makatron, Skull Cap, Cezar Brandao, George Rose, Sam Octigan, Neko, Dev, Unwell Bunny, Sean Morris, Skount, Carl Morgan, Mue Bon, Beastman, Numskull, Chris Cunningham, Thomas Brothers, Kentaro Yoshida, Bafcat, Carley Cornellison, Alex Lehours, Jeroen Huijbregts, William Nghiem, Rj, Pike, Apeseven, Heesco, Drew Funk, Skulk, Bei Badgirl, Phoenix, The Black Math, M-Lon, Grizzle, Tenderloin Television, Shiroi Usagi, Rebecca Murphy, Fezwitch, Eamon Donnelly, Uno, Jumbo, Zap, Mandy Salter, Fena Cartes, Gimiks Born, Benjamin Reeve, Edgarr, Pipsqueak Was Here, Melissa Grisancich, Krispe, Bunkwaa, Jeremy Austin, Mike Chavez, Fuzeillear, Denial, Mini Graff, Lady Millard, Galo, Skel, Dave Faint, Yolkk, Chow Monstro, Pigeon Boy, Camo, Murrz, Karen Farmer, 1337, Astro, Olive 47, Mats?!, Adrian Doyle, Aaron Craig, Ben Frost, Mad One, The Cloud Artist, Creon, Michael Cain, Nixi Killick, Toggles, D.R.A, Nico Nicosen, Redneck, M-Lon, Sam Silverstone, Konsumeterra, Simon Lovelace, Sebastien Fougere, Jodee Knowles, Lusid Art, Tom Dub, Mr. French, Damian Lewis, Ham, Sprinkles, Hermes Berrio, Jorge Catoni, Danielle Catte, Alias, Love Ariel, Zeke's Lunchbox, Rel 'Terhor' Pham, Ayash Laras, Marly, Shane O'Driscoll, Tom Lukacs, Thomas C Chung, Brent Zittel, Rise Ape, Matthew Blanch, Sean Breasley, Jiggy Jiggster, Kubi Vasak, Alvaro Tapia Hidalgo, Teens On Acid, Mathieu Codel Delcroix, Stephen Gregory, Ryan Ady Putra, Sharks Patrol These Waters, Goya Torres, Graham Wilson, Saffaa, 1dirlust, Dion Parker, Guesswho, Gnomes, Barek, Cen, Quirky Bones, Tim Andrew, Ms Browns Lounge, Maria Yanovsky, Awol Monk, Adrian Teem Repeti, Paul Carruthers, Ladyj Adams, Anthony Jigalin, Mod Cardenas, Joel Lambeth, Baby Guerilla, J. Bourbon, Asia, Mike Francis, Glenn Smith, Gina Monaco, Neil Edwards, Ian Henna, Shu/Monstery And Me, Vars One, Felix, Dboe, Rujunko Pugh, Trait, Taxi66, Mr Manok, Houl, John Doe, Butcha, Cohen Gum, Jrb, Sancho, Lisa Pham, The Havoc Plan, Buttons, Mike Watt, Mini, Drg, Bec Todd, Sloe Motion, Johann Busen, Sandra Veljanovski, Rob Collinet, The Infamous Dogfight, Black Cat, Elle Santarelli, Gabriel Mello, 23rd Key, Monica Renaud, Bk Dieci, Noiq, Naomi Chilcott, Nina Bric, Matthew Hurley, Benjamin Coombs, Vort, Conor Crawford, Steve Wilson, Mr Draws, Luke Haggart, Ted Tuesday, Alice Lazarus, Bareface, Carrie Toumsook, Gabriel Rojashruska, Reda El Mraki, Miguel Nightmares, Luv(Sic), Daniel Muscat, Cote Escriva, Eli Flanagan, Dyusuv, Jeremy Thompson, Satria Utama, Psyco, Paper Yacht Club, Blo, Blah Paradise, Hules, Crisis, Alex Latham, Styna, Jeffrey Hamilton, Erin Smith, Burg Art, Ashley New, Masonrie, Seff Mudge, Viola Nazario, Bad Data, Never A Sir, Lyndsey Murray, Alisha Hinds, Pauline Welsh, Matthew Bourne, Tim Fry, Ought, Von Bearsinger, Dame Dismember, Rawz86, Buni, Calm, Nick Hinder, Y_T, Lachlan Knight Phillips, Princess Margaret Rose, Pieces Of Mayhem, Ox King, Caitlin Doyle, Teboni Carlisle, Cara Diffey, Nikolaus Dolman, Vink, Felicity Wrangles, Ben Nicholls, Connor Crawford, Ian Andrew, Just Edit, James Stuckey, Point108, Pierrot Sant'ana, Grace Garcia, Kreweduzoo, Irmano, Ricky Kuruppu, Lard Art, Johnny Draco, Crummy Gummy, Nikolaus Dolman, Hvy Blk, Aimee Young, Carmen Doecke, Nicanor Aquino, Joe Flores, Kurt Eidsvig, Matt Dowman, Machine Gun Dev, Scruffy Unicorn, Super8, Zropro, Paul Rogers, Brandon Hall, Seth Tarrant, Jenna Yona Bloom, Simanion, Nicholas John, Serf, Campbell La Pun, Sofia Fitzpatrick, Launa Winship, Luisa Cester, Liam Snootle, Guzziboy, Kolt75, Kirsty Kat, Albert Avila Comacho, Najzil Layin, Nico, Astral Twins, Bernstah, Felix Gerber, Steen, Pheelix, Axolotl, 2171, Christina Di Bona, Zennie McLoughlin. 085c3n3, Mie Nakazawa, Crow Jane, Violet Arthi, Jensen, Yasmin Breeze, Clout, Ben Rider.
Pastoral: Painting that portrays real life, often in an idealized way.
Artist: Australian landscape artists - Albert Namatjira.
Patch (Graffiti Term): A tag that has been rubbed out by being painted over usually by gray paint or 'patched' over.
Patchwork: A pattern simulating a pieced-together effect of different design elements.
Patenir, Joachim: (ca. 1475/1480 Dinant or Bouvignes - 1524 Antwerp). He wwas also known as Patini(e)r. He joined the Antwerp Guild of St. Luke as a master in 1515. Albrecht Dürer, whom he met in 1520/21, describe him as a 'good painter of landscapes.' In line with Hieronymus Bosch and Gerad David, he painted religious historical pictures with extensive landscapes. These scenes, which often also contained bizarre rock and cliff formations, were an important contribution to the development of landscape paintings in its own right.
Pattern: A design for decorating a surface composed of a number of elements (motifs) arranged in a regular or formal manner. Often refers to "repeat pattern."
Pattern Classifications: Ways to group (classify) patterns according to their traits, such as: symmetry (for example, seventeen planar symmetry types); layout type (diamond, drop, gradation, grid, spot, etc.); layout arrangement (allover, foulard, etc.); pattern directions (one-way, two-way, unidirectional, etc.); motif or subject matter (florals, geometrics, paisleys, conversational, abstract, plaid, stripe, etc.; florals can be further subdivided into roses, palette (botanical or stylized), etc.; conversational can be subdivided into pictorials, figurative, etc.; geometrics into line patterns, argyle, etc.); production technique used or imitated (watercolour, airbrush, hound's tooth weaving, herringbone, chevron, satin, pilotage, eccentrics, batik, etc.); repeating on the infinite plane or designed to fit a specific shape (engineered); purpose or application (apparel, home furnishing, camouflage, etc.); scale (small-scale for contract design or large-scale for home furnishing); target garment or accessory (rugs, bandanna, neckwear, etc.); coloring (madders, khaki, etc.); historic period, art movement, or place of origin (Art Deco, Art Nouveau, Liberty style, Pop Art, Toile De Jouy, Herati, Tartan, ethnic (Indian, African tribal, Maya, etc.), contemporary, etc.) These classifications are not mutually exclusive and patterns are frequently described as belonging to more than one class; for example, an abstract unidirectional allover madder camouflage pattern, which has the simple shift symmetry and the half-drop layout.
Patterned Ground: A background (ground) that is in itself a pattern. Often consists of stripes, plaids, dots, zigzags, and other small geometric elements or textures, but can also contain flowers and more complex motifs.
Paysage: Landscape, rural scene.
Pechstein, Max: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: German Expressionism.
Peintre-Graveur: (French meaning - 'painter-engraver.') Original printmaker, in contradistinction to a professional, reproductive printmaker.
Pentimento (repentance): Obliterated painting subsequently revealed by reason of the overpainting's becoming transparent, a characteristic of linseed oil being that its refractive index increase with age.
Permeke, Constant: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Expressionism.
Perspective: A system for creating illusions of depth on a flat surface; usually it is within the confines a linear system.
Perspective (Aerial): The technique of making a two-dimensional surface, appear three-dimensional through the use of value, intensity and temperature.
Perspective (Linear): The techniques of making a two-dimensional surface appear three-dimensional through the use of line.
Perugino, Pietro: (ca. 1450 Città delle Pieve, Perugia - 1523 Fontignano). He was born Pietro di Cristoforo Vannucci, and was the leading Umbrian artist before his student Raphael. He worked mainly in Florence, Rome, and Perugia. After starting with Verrocchio and Piero della Francesca, whose student he may have been, Perugino occupied himself with the new space and body formation of the Renaissance and the balance between picture surface and space. He produced clear, closed compositions with gentle gradations of color.
Pet Patterns: Patterns featuring pets or generally on a pets theme. One example is cat patterns.
Petruskeviciene, Jurate: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Abstract Color-Field.
Petyarr, Ada Bird: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movements: Traditional Aboriginal Art - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Material and Technique: Batik on silk.
Petyarr, Annie: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movements: Traditional Aboriginal Art - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Material and Technique: Batik on silk.
Petyarr, Violet: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movements: Traditional Aboriginal Art - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Material and Technique: Batik on silk (Utopia, Australia).
Pevsner, Antoine: Art Category: Painter, Constructivist. Art Movements: Cubism; Abstract Creationism.
Piazzetta, Giovanni Battista: (1683 Venice - 1754 Venice). He trained in Venice and Bologna, where he was influenced primarily by the genre painting of Giuseppe Maria Crespis. Piazzetta settled permanently in Venice in 1711. He and Tiepolo were regarded as the most axciting church artists of the Venetian Settecento. His main patrons included Elector Clemens August of Cologne, and the Field Marshall Johann Matthias von der Schulenburg.
Picabia, Francis: Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: Impressionism, Cubism, Dada.
Picasso, Pablo Ruiz: Art Category: Painter, Sculptor, Constructivists. Art Movements: Blue Period, Rose Period, African Sculpture and Art, Cubism, Neo-Classical, Surrealism, Neo-romantic.
Pichação (Graffiti Term): Brazilian name for the unique form of tagging found in that country.
Pichelmann, Caroll: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Naïve Realism.
Materials and Techniques: Padded layers of hand dyed silk organdie. Black velvet shadows, 98% running stich combined with French knots, fly stitch and other embroidery. Hand writing and newsprint sealed and mounted on fabric border.
Piece: Short form of 'Masterpiece' (Graffiti Term). A large, complex, and labor-intensive graffiti painting. Pieces often incorporate 3-D effects, arrows, and many colors and color-transitions, as well as various other effects. These will usually be done by writers with more experience. Originally shorthand for masterpiece, considered the full and most beautiful work of graffiti. A piece requires more time to paint than a throw-up. If placed in a difficult location and well executed it will earn the writer more respect. Piece can also be used as a verb that means: "to write".
Piece Book or Black Book (Graffiti Term): A writer's sketch book. Used for personal art development and or the collection of other artists work.
Piecing (Graffiti Term): The execution of a 'piece' (see above).
Piero di Cosimo: (1461/62 Florence - 1521 Florence). He was born Piero di Lorenzo. He studied in Florence under Cosimo Rosselli, whose first name he assumed. Collaborated with Rosselli, on the frescoes in the Sistine Chapel in Rome in 1481/82, after which he worked mainly in Florence. His style, which was inspired by Filippino Lippi, Domenico Ghirlandaio, the early works of Leonardo da Vinci, and by Hugo van der Goes, combined lyrical and dramatic picture elements that was frequently fantastic and grotesque.
Pietà: (Italian meaning 'mercy.' Latin pietas, 'piety.') Also Vesper pciture. Latin:'Evening star, west.' Representation of the grieving Mother of God holding the body of Christ in her arms.
Pilon, Germain: (1528 Paris - 1590 Paris). He was considered one of the best French sculptors of the 16th century. He created a number of tombstones for the French court, his main client. He also produced statutes, busts, fireplace surrounds, and fountain decorations. Pilon's style was inspitred by the School of Fontainebleau, and especially by Primaticcio. The artist revealed a highly developed feeling for sculptural effects, in which Mannerist elegance and naturalist precision overlap.
Pin Art: The art of creating pictures with nails and thread. See figure below.
Ping, Huang Yong: Art Category: Sculptor. Art Movement: Post Modernism.
Pinnell, Judith: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Techniques and Materials: Silk “paper” substrate – dyed pure silk fibers manually formed into “fabric” similar to paper and felt. Overlaid organza strips, free machine stitching using various weights and colors of threads adds color changes.
Piombe, Sebastiano dei: (ca. 1485 Venice - 1547 Rome). He was born Sebastiano Luciani and known as Viniziano. He studied first under Bellini then under Giorgione in Venice. He settled in Rome in 1511, where he produced large altar panels for churches and also worked as a portraitist. His style was influenced by Raphael and Michelangelo and was noted for its monumentality and strong formal language.
Piranesi, Giovanni-Battista: Art Category: Etcher, Constructivist. Art Movement: Cubism.
Pisanello: (ca. 1395 Pisa - 1455 probably in Rome). His real name was Antonio di Pucci Pisano. He studied under Gentile da Fabriano in Venice from 1418 to 1420, and assisted him with painting the doge's palace; followed him to Rome c.a. 1423. Lived in Rome after the master's death in 1427. From around 1430 Pisanello was one of the most sought after artist of his time, and worked for the courts in Mantua, Ferrara, and Milan, and for King Alphonse of Aragon in Naples, A representative of International Gothic, this artist, draftsman, and medallist combined delicacy and elegance, a love of story telling, and a keen obsertvation of nature.
Pisano, Nino: (ca. 1315 - before 1368 Pisa.) He was the son of Andrea Pisano, probably the leading Italian sculptor of the Trecento. Because the style of Nino's picture works was extremely similar to his father's, which was influenced by French Gothic and unsigned (with a few exceptions), it is often impossible to ascribe them. Nino Pisano is first mentioned in 1349, when he was commissioned to design the cathedral of Orvieto, a task which had previously been entrusted to his father. He died either in or before 1368.
Pissaro, Camile: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Impressionism.
Pistoletto, Michelangelo: Art Category: Collagist, Painter. Art Movement: Superrealism.
Plaque: In craftwork, an ornamental base often serving as a support and background for craft or art designed as a wall decoration.
Pointillism: A system of painting based on the juxtaposition of dots of color that blend optically.
Poirer, Anne et Patrick: Art Category: Constructivists. Art Movement: Earthen Works Art.
Pollen, Jason: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Expressionism.
Materials and Techniques: Cotton canvas, dye pigment, graphite, paint, stitching.
Pollock, Jackson: Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: Surrealism, Abstract Expressionism.
Polyptych: (Greek - polyptychos - meaning 'having many folds'). A set of several panels (sculptured or painted altar decorations with more than two wings). A multi series of artworks. It is ideal for illustrating related art of extensive content.
Pontormo: (1494 Pontormo, Empoli - 1557 Florence). He was born Jacopo Carrucci, and went to Florence in 1508. After his first artistic contact with Leonardo da Vinci and Piero di Cosimo, he probably studied under Fra Bartolommeo and from 1512 to 1513 under Andrea del Sarto. He studied the works of Dürer and based his own on Michelangelo. By 1520 he had achieved a new, expressive style that transcended the style of High Renaissance. Pontormo and Rosso Fiorentino were regarded as the main exponents of the first dramatic and expressive phase of Mannerism.
Pop Art: A style of painting (and sculpture) originating in the 1960s, employing enlarged images and motifs from commercial art, road signs, comic strips and outdoor advertising.
Porcelain: Generic term for fine, hard, translucent ceramic substance, used for the production of table and decorative wares. First made in China in the seventh and eight century AD, it was made in Europe only from the eighteenth century, when Meissen, Sevre and other manufacturers began production.
Portfolio: A collection of designs.
Portrait: (French portrait meaning 'likeness'; from the Latin potrahere, 'to produce.') In visual art the representation of a person or group of people by artistic, graphic, sculptural, or photgraphic means. The person being portrayed is usually made recognizeable by the representation of certain physiognomic similarities or other attributes peculiar to the individual. Portraits can be idealized, often serving representative purposes, whereas others may reflect the individual's personality and character. There are numerous forms of expressions, ranging from the minature to cameos and minted coins, to paintings and larger-than-life portraits. Depnding on the number of people, we speak of single, double or group portraits, and also make a distinction between types such as full-figure, half figure, bust and head profiles. Also, an image format in which the height is greater than the width.
Posada, Jose Guadalupe: Art Category: Muralist. Art Movement: Expressionism.
Positive: Refers to the primary objects or shapes in a composition excluding the background.
Positivism: Extreme form of nineteenth century empiricism that sought objective fact above all else.
Post-Graffiti: Movement that reproduces scratches/images from walls onto other art media such as paper and cloth.
Post-Impressionism: Movement in French painting that reacted against Impressionism by emphasizing the subject, formal style, and structure of a work. It was associated with Paul Cezanne, Paul Gauguin, Camille Pissarro and Vincent Van Gogh.
Post Modernism: Movement predominating in the 1980s and 1990s in reaction to the adoption of limitations by art movements. In principle, to be postmodernist is to accept that any style can be appropriate, anyone can be an artist, and any object can be a work of art.
Poulson, Peggy Napurrla Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movements: Traditional Aboriginal Art - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Material and Technique: Batik On Cotton (Yuendumu, Australia).
Poussin, Nicolas: (1594 Les Andelys - 1685 Rome). He was pemanently resident in Rome from 1624, apart from the period from 1640 and 1642 which he spent at the court in Paris as official painter of Louis XIII. Poussin's painting was based on the art of Antiquity and the Italian Renaissance, historical, religious, and mythological pictures, portraits, and landscapes, which were always subject to strict, high level of perfection and principle of order. His Classical painting had a marked influence on the art and artists of the Paris Académie.
Powdered Ornament: A pattern consisting of evenly spaced scatterings of small motifs such as flower springs and stars.
Powers, Hiram: Art Category: Sculptor. Art Movement: Neo-Classical.
Pragmatics: Semiotic(s).
Pre-Raphaelitism: English movement of the mid-19th Century inspired by a romanticised vision of the Middle Ages and the style of painters before Raphael.
Priming: The first coat of paint applied to a canvass in preparation for a painting process. White is usually used but it is not necessay to adhere to this one color.
Primitive Art: The art of preliterate peoples; a slightly opprobrious term for untrained or unsophisticated art; mistakenly applied to European paintings before the Italian Renaissance.
Printmaker: One who prints images/texts on an art medium.
Artist and Technique: An image from Marie-Therese Wsiniowski's printmaker artist book - 'Not in my Name.'
Prior, Michael: Art Category: Photographer. Art Movement: Realism.
Privat-Livemont, Henri: Art Category: Printmaker. Art Movement: Art Nouveau.
Production (Graffiti Term): Large scale murals with detailed pieces and illustrations. (Also contemporary term used mainly for street murals.)
Provence: Also provenience; origin or source, especially of a work of art.
Prud'hon, Pierre Paul: (1758 Cluny - 1823 Paris). He trained in Dijon and Paris. In Italy between 1782 and 1788, he trained himself in the style of Leonardo da Vinci and Correggio, before finally settling in Paris in 1789. Although he linked his art to the Classical art of the time of Louis XVI, it differed in the definition of contours, the gentle transition between shades, and quite muted use of chiaroscuro.
Pryor, Jutta: Art Category: Printmaker. Art Movement: Naïve Realism.
PT (Graffiti Term): Painters Touch brand by Rust-Oleum.
Public Style (Graffiti Term): Writing that is easily read by the public.
Puget, Pierre: (1620 Marseille - 1694 Fougette, Marseille). He trained under a woodcarver who worked in ship building, and continued his training in Rome. The artist lived far from the art center of Paris, first in Toulon and Marseille, but spent time in Rome and Genoa in 1660s. As well as decorating ships, he produced statutes, busts, reliefs, anin d architectural designs. Only a few of his later works were intended for the royal court, differing ferom his Bernini-inspired works in the dynamics of painting and emotional intensity.
Pumice: Powered volcanic rock. A greyish inert pigment and abrasive, it is often used to impart tooth to grounds.
Punition (Graffiti Term): Form of graffiti that consists in repeating the same word endlessly covering a whole surface. It comes from the punition lines that kids do at school.
Putto: Plural: putti. Small child, winged or not, common in Classical and classicizing art.
Pwerl, Lena: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movements: Traditional Aboriginal Art - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Technique: Batik on silk.
Pynacker, Adam: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Italian Baroque.
Pyx: (Greek). A small cylindrical container, usually made of ivory (occasionally silver or bronze), often with a decorative lid; probably imported originally from Constantinople and Alexandria. The few remaininng examples date back to the 4th to 7th centuries A.D., and are decorated with figural reliefs of mythological and biblical content. Used since the 9th century to refer to the box used to store and hand out wafers of the scarament; the original shape of the ivory pyx has been retianed.
Qianlong Emperor (Chinese): An avid collector and student of the arts who ruled China from 1736 - 1795.
Quadro Riportato: Italian. A framed picture.
Quarton, Enguerrand: (Worked from 1444 to 1486). He was also known as Charonton, Charton, and Charretier. He worked in the Provence in the mid-15th century, mainly in Avignon, where he was last mentioned in 1486. Along with Jean Fouquet he was regarded as as the leading French painter of the late Gothic. His style, which was influenced by Old Dutch art, was characterized by steady, evenly expressive, ornamental lines and a division of shapes.
Quatrefoil: A stylized four-petal flower or a leaf with four leaflets used as a pattern motif or in an ornament, often having a heraldic or symbolic meaning. A similar three-petal motif is a trefoil.
Quattrocento: The 1400s or 15th Century, especially in Italian art.
Quercia, Jacopo della: (1374 ?Siena - 1483 Siena). He was active in Siena, Bologna and Lucca, and elsewhere. In 1401 he joined in the competition to design the bronze door to the Baptistery in Florence. Committed to the Gothic style in the early stages of his career, the artist became the leading Sienese sculptor of the Early Renaissance. His powerful, highly expressive style impressed artists of the High Renaissance, and Michelangelo in particular.
Quilling: Art of rolling and bending narrow strips of paper into artistic shapes.
Quilting: The art of quilting basically involves stitching together two or more layers of fabric to form a decorative design on the top surface, either to create warmth or softness or simply to add interest.
Racking (Graffiti Term): Shoplifting or robbing, not limited to but including paint, markers, inks, caps, and clothes. Although disputed whether racking is an essential part of graffiti, there are writers who do not consider using legitimately acquired paint or pens as proper graffiti.
Raiki Wara: Aboriginal phrase which translated means long cloth (e.g. often use in the context of Aboriginal ArtCloth works).
Technique: Batik on silk.
Size: 115 cm (width) x 290 cm (length).
Raffer Beck, Jeanne: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Abstract Expressionism.
Random: A design in which elements (for example flowers) are scattered randomly within the unit of repeat. Same as tossed layout.
Raphael: (1483 Urbino - 1520 Rome). He was born Raffaello Santi, and studied under Perugino in Perugia. He went to Florence in 1504 until he wass called to Rome by Pope Julius II in 1508. He worked on some frescoes for the Vatican and was put in charge of the construction of St. Peter's basilica on the death of Bramante in 1514. Raphael is considered to have been the most important artist of the High Renaissance. His famous altar panels, empathic Madonnas, portraits, and complicated frescoes are marked by formal clarity and deeply perceived natural expressiveness.
Musée du Louvre.
Rarrk: Crossed-hatched clan patterns in Western Arnhem Land (Australia).
Rastafarianism: Belief originating from Jamaica that venerates the Ethiopian emperor Haili Salassie (called Ras Tafari before his coronation). It teaches the eventful redemption of black people and their repatriation to Africa, considered a spiritual Eden.
Rauchenberg, Robert: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Abstract Expressionism.
Realism: A nineteenth century style of painting associated with Gustave Courbet and related novels of Zola; emphasis on a truthful account of human existence; opposed to ideal or Academic art.
Recall: The repetitive use of the same or similar motifs within a crocus or sketch. Variations in the motifs can include color, shape, weight, or scale.
Redon, Odilon: Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: Precursor to Surrealists. Symbolism.
Reformation: Reform movement in the sixteenth century church that escalated into a religious revolution. Protestant denominations concentrated in northern Europe broke away from Roman Catholicism, concentrated in the south. In several Protestant area iconoclastic outburst resulted in the destruction and prohibition of religious art.
Regnault, Henri: Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: Academic Classicism, Romanticism.
Reinhardt, Ad: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Minimal Art.
Relief (relievo): Sculpture in which the figures half project from a flat background.
Reliquary: A container of relics, which may take any form, from a simple box to a representational image, and which can either conceal or reveal the relic within.
Relm (Tag): Art Category: Spray Cannist. Art Movement: Grafitti.
Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn: (1608 Leiden - 1689 Amsterdam). He studied under Pieter Lastman in Amsterdam, where he settled after leaving Leiden in 1631. He married Saskia van Uylenburg in 1633, who died in 1642. He then lived with Hendrickje Stoffels. Although he was much in demand as a painter and etcher, he found himself in increasing financial difficulties. Rembrandt was known for his religious and historical pictures and portraits, in which he broke from the traditional designs of his chosen subjects. In his subtle chiaroscuro painting he reproduces the spiritual condition of the individual with sensitivity and feeling.
Renaissance: (French; Italian, rinascimento, both meaning 'rebirth.') The progressive cultural epoch of the 15th and 16th centuries that started in Italy. The later stage, ca. 1530 to 1600, is also called Mannerism. The name refers back to the term rinascità (rebith) coined in 1550 by Giorgio Vasari (1511-1574), which initially referred only to medieval art. The dominating ideal of the uomo universale, of spiritually and physically multitalented, highly educated person, developed through Humanism, which called on the examples of Antiquity to promote the ideal of the new picture of humanity, the world, and nature. The best known example is Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519). The visual arts moved from being regarded as a craft into free art, which in turn gave artists a higher status and a certain self awareness. Art and science were directly linked, each affecting the other, as in the discovery of mathematically calculable persepectives and anatomical structures, Architecture referred back to the archectural theories of Vitruvius (ca. 84 B.C.) and was marked fundamentally by the inclusion of Antique building elements and the development of palace and castle architecture. Centralized building design was typical of the period.
Rendering: Another term for finished crocus.
Renoir, Pierre Auguste: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Impressionism.
Reynolds, Sir Joshua: (1723 Plympton, Plymouth - 1792 London). He worked as a portrait artist in London, and was extremely influential during his many years as president of the Royal Academy. He was knighted in 1769. His time in Italy from 1749 to 1752, during which he studied the art of Antiquity and of the Renaissance in Rome and the works of Titan, Tinoretto, and Veronese in Venice, was extremely important for the development of his style. Reynolds was the most successful and productive English portraitist of the 18th century. He was also an extremely important expert on the theory of art and English Classicism.
Repeat: The horizontal or vertical distance between identical elements of a repeat pattern. In the United States, the repeat is usually measured in inches, for example, a 27" repeat.
Repeat Pattern: A design for decorating a surface composed of a number of elements (motifs) arranged in a regular or formal manner. Same as repeating pattern. Often simply called "pattern." See also seamless repeating pattern.
Restrike: Impression taken from a sculptor's mould at some time after the original edition.
Retable: A structure (architectonic, carved, painted or of metalwork) position behind the altar.
Ribera, Juspo de: (1591 Játive, Valencia - 1652 Naples). He left Spain as a young artist and went to Italy, where Caravaggio's Roman works had a lasting effect on him. Ribera settled in Naples in 1615 and worked for the Spanish viceroy of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, the count Osuna, and his successors. He painted mainly religious pictures, which are noted for the quick brush strokes of his painting style.
Riemenschneider, Tilman: (1460 Heiligenstadt in Eichsfeld - 1531 Würzburg). He was the most famous southern German woodcarver of his time, and maintained his own large workshop in Würzburg. Keenly aware of his social responsibilities, he joined the town council and was made major in 1520/21. Against the animated, colorful, gold-painted picture works of the late Gothic, his figures are notable for the simplification of gestures and mimicry and the new monochrome approach which matched the character of the wood and facilitated a nuanced surface treatment.
Rigaud, Hyacinthe: (1659 Perpignan - 1743 Paris). He was based in Paris from 1691. He became the preferred portraitist of the royal family, French nobility, and the church. He was made a member of the Académie Royale in 1700, and became its principal in 1733. The influential artist was elevated to the knighthood in 1709. Guided by the elegant likeness of Sir Anthony van Dyck and trained in the works of Charles Le Brun, Rigaud's paintings were exemplary for the whole of European court painting in the 18th century.
Riley, Bridget Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Op Art.
RIP: abbr. Rest in Proportion. Instructions in sizing up artwork where the other dimensions or images are to be reduced or enlarged in proportion to a given dimension.
Rios, Oliver “Karo”: Art Category: Muralist. Art Movement: Street Art.
Artists: Julio 'Fade' Caban, Oliver 'Kazo' Rios and Jose 'Solo' Cordero.
Rippon, Lesley: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Abstract Expressionism.
Materials and Techniques: Cotton sponged with darker blue acrylic, painted vleisofix background. Salmon material satin stiched. Yellow material layered with painted material and satin stitched and adhered together. Thick and thin wool sewn on by hand representing the nerves in the eye. Sewn braid representing computer printouts on salmon area. Rickrack braid used for the circles on the printout and hand sewn onto background. Beaded salmon rectangles sewn onto background to represent the drops I will always have to put in my eyes. Project hand sewn onto a round frame to represent the eye.
Rivera, Diego: Art Category: Muralist. Art Movement: European Baroque Styles.
Rivers, Larry: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Pop Art.
Roberts, Elizabeth: Art Category: Fashion Art. Art Movement: Wearable Art.
Materials and Techniques: Silk fabric thread and silk tops. Needle-turned rouleau, fabric manipulation.
Robertson, Mary Anne (Grandma Moses): Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Naïve Art.
Robertson-Swan, John: Art Category: Sculptor. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Rocaille: (French 'scree, grotto, shellwork'). Assdymmetrical wave- and shell-pattern decorations in the Rococo.
Rococo Art: (French rocaille meaning scree, grotto, shellwork). European period of arty between 1710/1730 and 1770/1780. Characteristic is a style of decoration that incorporates small pieces and playful designs. This us emphasized in art by the use if a light palette. It was a late form of Baroque architecture and decoration, but more intimate and secular; playful, witty and often erotic; ornate decor; light colors; irregular form; reflects the effectiveness of the French court in the late eighteenth century.
Rodchenko, Alexander: Art Category: Painter, Constructivist. Art Movement: Non-Objectivism.
Rodda, Elisabeth: Art Category: Photographer. Art Movement: Realism.
Rodin, Auguste: Art Category: Sculptor. Art Movement: Neo-Classical.
Rogers, Barbara: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Abstract Color-Field.
Material and Techniques: Silk organza, silk charmeuse. Shibori resist dye techniques. De-colored, azoic dyes.
Roller (Graffiti Term): An enormous piece done with a paint roller instead of aerosol. These are usually completed in very simplified letter forms that resemble font, but can occasionally be very intricate and complex.
Roller Letters (Graffiti Term): Names rendered with bucket paint and rollers.
Romanesque: The art and architecture of Europe from the ninth to the twelfth century; characterized by heavy masonry construction, dark church interiors and mystical, restless sculptural forms.
Romanticism: Epoch of European, especially German spiritual life, literature, and visual art that replaced the Enlightenment, classicism, and classics at the end of the 18th century and was marked by emphasis on the emotions, the wonderful, fabulous, and fantastica. In art the revitalization of medieval myths, fairytales, and history opened up new subjects. Landscape painting was one particular expression of the devotion to an inner world. Romanticism arrived in England and in Germany before it reached France; itsd main sphere was in fact historical art. Inspired by the colors of Peter Paulk Rubens (1577/1640), Eugéne Delacroix (1798-1863) highlighted new concerns, enriching art by adding exotic themes from the Orient. By concentrating on pictictorial problems, the art of Camile Corot (1796-1875) and the School of Barbizon artists revealed a tendency toward the Romantic.
Rook (Graffiti Term): Trusted member of a crew.
Rosa, Salvatore: (1615 Arenella , Naples - 1673 Rome). He left Naples for Rome in 1635. He served the Medicis in Florence from 1641 and again in 1649, but returned to Rome in 1649. Rosa, who was also an etcher, poet, and musician, is regarded as one of the most multi-talented Italian artist of the Seicento. He painted mainly landscapes and pictures of battles, but also portraits and religious, allegorical, and historical figure pictures, which, because of their often dark pathos, were particularly highly valued in the 19th century.
Rose, Chris: Art Category: Quilter. Art Movement: Naïve Realism.
Materials and Techniques: Black silk, organza Japanese vintage materials. Layering of dyed, stitched and collaged silk, metal thread and shim.
Rosenquist, James: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Pop Art.
Rossetti, Dante Gabriel: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Symbolism.
Rosso, Fiorentino: (1495 Florence - 1540 Fontainebleau). His real name Giovanni Battista di Jacopo. He studied in Florence under Andrea del Sarto. After leading an unsettled life, he was called to the French Court in 1530 and organized the interior work at the palace of Fontainebleau, where he produced his main work, the design of the Francis I gallery with frescoes and stucco work that strongly influenced the Mannerist style of Rosso's and Primaticcio's School of Fontainebleau.
Rosso, Medardo: Art Category: Sculptor. Art Movement: Neo-Classical.
Rothko, Mark: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Abstract Color-Field.
Rouault, Georges: Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: Expressionism, Fauves.
Rousseau, Henri-Julien: Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: Cubism, Naive Realism.
Rousseau, Théodore: (1812 Paris - 1867 Barbizon) Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: French Landscape.
He studied the works of Lorrain and 17th-century Dutch landscape painters while training at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Paris. He exhibited at the Salon of 1831 for the first time, but was rejected repeatedly until finally receiving a medal in 1849. He lived in Barbizon from 1847 and became one of the main representatives of the Barbizon School. The woods of Fontainebleau provided motifs for his dark, moodily executed landscape pictures.
Rubens, Peter Paul: (1577 Siegan - 1640 Antwerp). He trained in Antwerp, where he was accepted as a master into the Guild of St. Luke in 1598. from 1600 to 1608 he was court painter to Vincenzo Gonzaga II, the count of Mantua, Italy. In 1609 he became court painter to Archduke Albrecht and Archduchess Isabella in Brussels, but lived and maintained his largge workshop in Antwerp. There were many commissions in association with diplomatic activities, which helped to spread his fame throughout Europe. Rubens was the leading Flemish artist of the Baroque, and incorporated a number of different traditions in his works.
ca. 1623-1625, Uffizi Gallery, Florence.
Ruisdael, Jacob Isaacksz. van: (1628/29 Haarlem - 1682? Amsterdam). He was one of the leading Dutch landscape artist of his time. He was accepted as a master into the Guild of St. Luke of Haarlem in 1648. He was based in Amsterdam from about 1656/57. In 1676 he was made a doctor of medicine in Caen. His first pictures, which were influenced by his uncle Salomon van Ruysdael, are fragments of simple landscapes. His later works, by contrast, exhibit more excitment, ther natural forms exaggerated dramatically.
Run (Graffiti Term): The length of time graffiti remains up before being covered or removed. If a piece has been up for a year, it is said to have "run for a year".
Russolo, Luigi: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Futurism.
Rusto (Graffiti Term): Rust-Oleum brand spray paint.
Rutherford, Diane: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Materials and Techniques: Beeswax, dye, cloth, batik, printing, stitching.
Ryder, Albert Pinkham: Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: Romanticism, Symbolism.
Ryder, Julie: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Abstract Expressionism.
Sable Brush: Made from the hair of a sable. Good-quality paint brush.
Salvator mundi: (Latin: 'saviour of the worlds.') A special way of representing Christ in the late medieval art that was particularly prevalent in the early Netherlandish paintings. The Savior is shown as a half figure, His right hand raised in blessing and holding a glass globe of the world in his left, following the image of Vera icon. The image is also common in architecture. The term places Christ's act of saving and his deeds center.
Sansovino, Jacopo: (1486 Florence - 1570 Venice). His real name is Jacopo Tatti. He assumed the name of his treacher, the Florentine sculptor Andrea Sansovino, and accompanied him to Rome in 1505, where he worked as a respected sculptor until 1527 (apart from the period 1511 to 1518). He fled to Venice when the troops of Charles V stormed the city in 1527. The city established its connection with the latest Roman influences in architecture and sculpture through Sansovino. However, with Titan's encouragement, he developed his style in a specific Venetian form.
Sargent, John Singer: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: American Impressionism.
Sateen Repeat: A non-directional pattern in which motifs are arranged on a rectangular grid in such a way that each "row" and "column" of the repeated unit contains only one instance of the motif. Additionally, the motifs may be rotated and/or reflected to produce a more uniform pattern. Same as spot repeat. The distribution of the motifs in the grid resembles the satin weave.
Scale: The relative size of a motif or layout.
Scale Drawing: An illustration, which represents an object and its parts in correct proportion to the actual size.
Scale Pattern: Design created with overlapping arcs. Also called clamshells. Encountered in many cultures through the millennia.
Schey, Barbara: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Material and Technique: Lamé. Miura shibori.
Schiele, Egon: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Expressionism.
Schmidt-Rottluff, Karl: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Expressionism.
Schrimpf, Georg: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Expressionism.
Schulze, Joan: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Abstract Expressionism.
Schwitters, Kurt: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Merzism.
Scratchiti (Graffiti Term): Graffiti made using a scratching technique.
Scribe (Graffiti Term): Also called 'scratchitti', scribing creates hard-to-remove graffiti by scratching or incising a tag into an object, generally using a key, knife, stone, sand paper, ceramic drill bit, or diamond tipped Dremel bit. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness determines which stones or other objects will scratch what surfaces.
Scroll: A ribbon-like motif in the shape of a partly rolled scroll of paper.
Seamless Patterns: Repeating patterns without visible boundaries between motifs. Created by elements of the motif that appear in a regular manner (as in set layout) or artfully extend beyond geometric boundaries of the repeating region (as in interlocking patterns). Blending of neighbouring units is another way to achieve seamless repeats.
Secco: Painting on dry plaster on a wall or ceiling.
Second Empire Style: The ornate, ostentatious, and largely eclectic style current in interior design in France under the reign of Napoleon III (reigned 1848-70).
Sedgley, Peter: Art Category: Constructivist. Art Movement: Kinetic Art.
Sedira, Zineb: Art Category: Photographer. Art Movement: Expressionism.
Semiotics (Semiology): The study of signs and sign-systems, whether spoken, gesticulated, written, printed or constructed; divided into three levels, syntactics (relation between signs), semantics (relation between signs and things they refer to) and pragmatics (relations between signs and those who use them). See diagram below.
Separation Artwork: Artwork in which a separate layer is created for each color to be printed.
Serial Art: Also series painting, system sculpture and 'ABC' art. A style of the 1960s and 1970s in which simple geometric configurations are repeated with little or no variation; sequence becomes important as in mathematics and linguistic theory.
Serini, Gino: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Futurism.
Serpentine Stripes: A pattern arranged along wavy (sinusoidal) lines, reminiscent of reptilian movements.
Sérusier, Paul: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Post-Impressionism 2.
Set Layout: A design in which motifs are arranged as if on a hidden grid.
Seurat, Georges-Pierre: Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: Impressionism, Pointillism
Sgraffito: Design, as on a pottery or wall, scratched through a thin surface layer to reveal the color beneath.
Shades: Colors to which black has been added.
Shahn, Ben: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Urban Realism.
Shaman: Sorcerer, magician, medicine-man, priest of the Old Stone Age hunting cultures; he was probably responsible for pictures of animals painted on cave walls and ceilings.
Shonibare, Yinka: Art Category: Soft Sculpture. Art Movement: Naïve Realism.
Shikishiban (Japanese): A print size of 8 x 7.25 inches (20.5 x 18.5 cm).
Shin Hanga (New Prints - Japanese): A print movement began by the publisher Watanabe Shōzaburō in the early twentieth century that was based on the ukiyo-e tradition.
Shunga (Spring Pictures - Japanese): Ukiyo-e prints illustrating erotic matter.
Shurygin, Nickolai: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Realism.
SIAD: Initials of Society of Industrial Artists and Designers (UK), founded in 1930.
Signac, Paul: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Post-Impressionism.
Silhouette: A drawing of an object showing simply the outline filled with solid tone or color.
Siqueiros, David: Art Category: Muralist. Art Movement: European Barque Style.
Sisley, Alfred: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Impressionism.
Sittow, Michael: (ca. 1468 Reval - 1525/26 Reval). He came from the northern Hanseatic town Reval (now Tallinn, Estonia). He moved to the Netherlands in 1482, where he was strongly inspired by Hans Memling in Bruges. In Spain in 1492 he became court painter to Isabella the Catholic of Castile. From 1502 he was in the service of various other European courts before finally returning to his hometown in 1518.
Sketch: A fully painted design that is not in repeat; same as crocus.
Sketch Book: An exercise book design to assist in the collation of source sketched materials.
Slam (Graffiti Term): To paint at an extremely conspicuous or dangerous location.
Slash (Graffiti Term): To put a line through, or tag over, another's graffiti. This is considered a deep insult. It is also known as "marking", "dissing" and "capping" (because of an infamous writer called CAP going over almost every piece on every car of the New York transit system in the early 70s and has become sort of a criticized legend because of that). Also referred to as "crossing out", "dissing", "hating", "going over", or "line", as in I lined his tag.
Sloan, John: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Dutch Realism Revisited.
Smalt: A kind of cobalt blue glass or frit, made by roasting a cobalt ore with other ingredients. It was improved from the Egyptian days by substituting cobalt for the more poisonous and less desirable copper. Before the introduction of artificial ultramarine, smalt was most carefully made in a number of different shades, but today it finds limited use in ceramics. Its faults were its coarseness and its lack of tinctorial power, and the presence of alkaline impurities.
Smith, Barbara Lee Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Expressionism.
Materials and Techniques: Painted, printed, fused and stitched non woven synthetic.
Smith, Carter: Art Category: Fashion Art. Art Movement: Wearable Art.
Smith, June: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movements: Traditional Aboriginal Art - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Material and Technique: Handpainted silk.
Smith, Richard: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: British Pop Art.
Smith, Ursula: Art Category: Surface Design. Art Movement: Abstract.
Smithson, Robert: Art Category: Constructivist. Art Movement: Earthen Artworks.
Social Realism: The style of art, allegedly Marxist, which is based on the doctrine that painting and sculpture should accurately represent the worker’s experiences, especially their oppression by class enemies and their triumphs of production.
Softening Brush: Long-haired brush used for softening and blending paint in marbling, wood graining and many other bravura finishes. Badger hair softeners are easier to use but more expensive than hog-hair softeners. Available in a range of sizes.
Sōsaku Hanga (Creative Prints - Japanese): A print movement begun in the early twentieth century that advocated the artist's involvement in the creative process.
Soto, Jesus-Raphael: Art Category: Constructivist. Art Movement: Kinetic Art.
Soutine, Chaim: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Expressionism.
Spacklng or Sparkling: The rectifying of a defect in a plaster wall or mural painting by digging out the defective spot and filling it in with a plastic gesso, plaster of Paris, Keene's cement or similar material.
Spall: Chip broken from a stone carving.
Spalliera: (Plural: spalliere). From the Italian - spalla - meaning 'shoulder.' Ornamented or figurated panel about shoulder height of a textile or, when set into a wall or on furniture, of painted wood.
Materials: Wood, gesso, tempera and gilding.
Size: 205.5 x 193 cm (overall), Courtesy: The Courtauld Gallery, London (Samuel Courtauld Trust).
Soak Up (Graffiti Term): To consider other pieces for inspiration.
Spanish Montana (Graffiti Term): Specialty paint brand company designed for graffiti. Due to a dispute in name branding, it is unrelated to German Montana, a company selling the same products capitalizing on the idea after Spanish Montana.
Spot Repeat: A non-directional pattern in which motifs are arranged on a rectangular grid in such a way that each "row" and "column" of the repeated unit contains only one instance of the motif. Additionally, the motifs may be rotated and/or reflected to produce a more uniform pattern. Same as sateen repeat. The distribution of the motifs in the grid resembles the satin weave.
Spray-Can Art (Graffiti Term): Graffiti made using spray cans; increasingly difficult with the banning of the sale of these to young people, but other aerosol implements have been created to substitute.
Sprig: A tossed pattern of small shoots, twigs, or leaves of a plant, commonly on a pastel background.
Square Repeat: A layout in which the repeating unit appears directly on a horizontal line to the left or right of the original design unit. Also called block repeat, straight-across repeat, straight repeat, and "full-drop repeat".
Stabile: Sculpture or construction resembling a mobile in appearance, but stationary.
Stahmer, Gail: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Stainer (Graffiti Term): A marker used to tag with, generally with a 12 mm or 20 mm tip. In some countries such as Australia possession of these without a reason can result in an on the spot fine.
Stainers: Sometimes known as universal strainers. Used as an alternative to artist’s oil paints for coloring glaze. The range of colors is less extensive and less subtle than artist’s oils. See tinter.
Stanley, Tjariya (Nungalka): Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movements: Traditional Aboriginal Art - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Starszakowna, Norma: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Abstract Color-Field.
Steel (Graffiti Term): Any type of train. New school term used to distinguish train and wall work.
Steinlen, Théophile Alexandre: Art Category: Art Posters. Art Movement: Belle Époque poster art.
Technique: Color lithograph.
Size: 89.2 x 63.4 cm.
Stella, Frank: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Minimalism.
Stella, Joseph: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Italian Futurism Revisited.
Stencil Graffiti (Graffiti Term): Uses prepared templates to apply messages and designs in public places, usually using spray cans to apply paint to the negative spaces on the stencil. They may be small or large, entirely pictorial or incorporate or consist solely of text.
Stevens, Alfred: Art Category: Sculptor. Art Movement: Neo-Classical.
Stewart, Bob: Art Category: Film Maker. Art Movement: Realism.
Sticker (Graffiti Term): Also referred to as "labels" or "slaps". A sticker (often obtained from shipping companies and name greeting labels) with the writer's tag on it. A sticker can be deployed more quickly than other forms of graffiti, making it a favorite in any public place such as crosswalk signs, newspaper dispensers, stop signs, phone booths etc. A popular sticker that was used originally was the "Hello my name is" red stickers in which a writer would write their graffiti name in the blank space. Reflector stickers, found at hardware stores are sometimes assembled to form a crew meaning, or individual writer's moniker.
Still, Clifford: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Abstract Expressionism.
Still Life: Representation of inanimate objects, such as fruit or flowers.
Stipple: Dots placed closely together, creating a textured or shaded effect. See also pilotage.
Stippling Brush: Rectangular brush used for a stippled finish and for removing excess paint cornices and architraves etc. Available in a variety of sizes.
Stokes, Linda: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Stolzl, Gunta: Art Category: Collargist. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Straight-Across Repeat: A layout in which the repeating unit appears directly on a horizontal line to the left or right of the original design unit. Also called block repeat, square repeat, and straight repeat.
Straight Letter (Graffiti Term): Also referred to as "straights", "blockbusters" and sometimes "simples" are a direct, blocky, more readable and simpler style of graffiti. Straight letters can be read by anyone and usually contain only two colors and are most commonly completed in arrangements of silver, black, and/or white.
Straight Repeat: A layout in which the repeating unit appears directly on a horizontal line to the left or right of the original design unit. Also called block repeat, square repeat, and straight-across repeat.
Street Art (Graffiti Term): All forms of decoration or inscription that are applied illegally in public places but do not conform to the subway or hip-hop style of graffiti art. It may include stencil graffiti, stickers, paste-ups, three-dimensional sculptures, and paintings on paper, wood or metal that are than attached to public walls.
Stretcher: Sometimes termed a chassis. It is usually a wooden frame strong enough to allow the canvas to be tautly stretched and to support the weight of the paint.
Striae: A design made of stripes that change subtly in color and/or texture in one direction.
Strout, Gail: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Materials and Techniques: Hand-dyed and commercial cloth, beads.
Stucco: Fine plaster-type material used both to cover exterior brickwork and to decorate internal walls and ceilings.
Studiolo: A small private study in a secular setting such as a house or palace.
Style Wars (Graffiti Term): (i) Competition between artists to determine superior creative ability; (ii) Documentary film on Hip Hop by Henry Chalfant and Tony Silver (RIP). Proved to be an extremely inspirational element for the New School.
Stylization: The process of making visual representations conform to a conventional model.
Stylized: A design with modified or abstracted elements that give the design a more decorative look.
Subject: Term for any image, which is to be reproduced or originated.
Subway-Style Graffiti (graff) (Graffiti Term): Emerged in Philadelphia and New York in the 1970s and early 1980s. Usually skilful free-hand drawing using a spray can on trains or in subways. Also known as hip-hop-style graffiti.
Sullivan, Carolyn: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Materials and Techniques: Hand embroidered over hand dyed fabrics.
Supraporte: (Italian from the Latin supra and porta meaning 'above the door.') A painting or relief, situated above the door in a room, framed to suit the door surrounds, and often forming a decorative unit with it. Especially popular in elegant Baroque and Rococo living rooms.
Sumizuri-e (Japanese): Black and white pictures.
Surface Pattern: A repeat pattern on a two-dimensional plane. Same as wallpaper pattern. There are exactly seventeen (17) types of surface patterns. See wallpaper groups. Similarly, there are seven (7) frieze patterns that correspond to seven types of linear patterns.
Surimono (Printed Things - Japanese): Prints that were intended to be privately distributed and that were consequently often printed for special occasions.
Surrealism: A literary and artistic style stressing the sub-conscious and non-rationale sources of imagery; influenced by the Freudian psychology. Movement based in Paris between the First and Second World Wars that sought to access a superior reality through contact with the subconscious mind by means of dream imagery and spontaneous creation. Its chief theoretician was Andre Breton.
Sustris, Lambert: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Later Renaissance.
Symbol: A letter, figure or drawn sign that represents or identifies an object, process or activity.
Symbolism: The systematic use of visual symbols according to mythical, religious, literary etc. traditions.
Symbolist: A late nineteenth century school of painters (including Gauguin) who used color especially to suggest ideas and emotions.
Szablewska, Gabriella: Art Category: Sculptor – Ready Mades. Art Movement: Street Art.
Tableau Vivant: A group of figures posed motionless to represent a historical event or some other scene.
Tag or Scribble (Graffiti Term): A stylized signature, normally done in one color. The simplest and most prevalent type of graffiti, a tag is often done in a color that contrasts sharply with its background. Tag can also be used as a verb meaning "to sign". Writers often tag on or beside their pieces, following the practice of traditional artists who sign their artwork. A less common type of tag is a "dust tag", done by smudging the dirt of a wall with the fingers. Writers use this technique to get up without technically vandalizing. The verb tagging has even become a popular verb today in other types of occasions that are non-graffiti-related. Tagging first appeared in Philadelphia, with spraypainted messages of "Bobby Beck In '59" on freeways surrounding the city. Since then, individual graffiti scenes have displayed very different forms of tagging that are unique to specific regions. For example, a Los Angeles tag will look very different from a Philadelphia tag, etc. The first "king" was also crowned in Philly: Cornbread (graffiti), a student who began marking his nickname around the city to attract the attentions of a girl. In New York City, TAKI 183 inspired a newspaper article about his exploits, leading to an explosion of tagging in the early seventies.
Tagging-Up (Graffiti Term): The execution of a signature.
Takis, Greek: Art Category: Constructivist. Art Movement: Kinetic Art.
Tamayo, Rufino: Art Category: Muralist. Art Movement: European Barque Style.
Tan-e (Red Lead Pictures - Japanese): Prints hand colored with tan and other pigments. They were popular from 1670 to 1720.
Tanguy, Yves: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Surrealism.
Tanzini, Amando: Art Category: Sculptor. Art Movement: Post Modernism.
Tanroku-Bon (Pink and Green Books - Japanese): Printed books from the early part of the seventeenth century that were hand-colored with tan (pink) and roku (green). Yellow and purple were also used.
Tanzaku (Japanese): Half ōban size. The sizes includes: ō-tanzaki (15 x 6.75 inches: 38 x 17 cm) and chu-tanzaku (15 x 5 inches: 38 x 13 cm).
Tapestry: (French for 'wall carpet.') The name of a woven, embroidered, or knitted wall hangings or furniture coverings with pictorial decorations. The technique of threading the trapestry design into warp with various shades of yarn to create a picture is one of the oldest textile inventions. Objects found in the tomb of Pharaoh Tuthmosis confirm that this particular technique was known at least as early as 1400 B.C. It was developed futher, and the art of carpet-weaving peaked in the major Gobelin and carpet-weaving centers in France under Louis XIV (1638-1715) and Louis XV (1710-1774).
Tapaya, Tjunkaya: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movements: Traditional Aboriginal Art - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Tapestry: A weft-faced fabric in which the pattern is woven with colored weft threads.
Tapies, Antoni: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Tatlin, Vladimir: Art Category: Constructivist. Art Movement: Relief Construction.
Tattersall: A relatively small-scale check pattern (smaller than windowpane) produced by regularly spaced, evenly colored thin lines on a usually light ground.
Techne: Greek term for technical skill in making and resetting.
Technical Illustration: A specialist branch of graphic design dealing with illustrations of all types depicting technical machines, systems and processes.
Tectonic: Pertaining to architecture and construction; one of Wolffin’s categories meaning “closed-form”, where it applies to painting and sculpture, too.
Teiten (Japanese): Abbreviation for Teikoku bijutsu tenrankai meaning Imperial Art Exhibition.
Temmam, Mohamed: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Expressionism.
Tempera: A type of paint whose medium or binder is egg yolk, glue or casein; water soluble until it dries.
Terbrugghen, Hendrick: (1588 Deventer - 1629 Utrecht). Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: 17th Century Painters.
He was like Honthorst, a student of Abraham Bloemaert and a representative of the Utrecht Caravaggists. He spent the years between 1604 and 1614 mainly in Rome and Naples. It is possible that he met Caravaggio in person. Back in Utrecht, he joined its Guild of Atists in 1616. Terbrugghen, whose only known works date from the 1620s, painted numerous genre pictures and religious works, which are typified by a light, muted color palette and soft lines.
Terra-Cotta: A reddish brown baked clay used for earthen ware, sculpture and building construction, as in terra cotta titles, pies and fire insulation.
Tessellations: A repeat pattern composed of interlocking shapes that can be extended infinitely.
Tessera: A small vitreous or ceramic cube or a stone; one of the units of a mosaic. That is, any small object used in constructing a mosaic.
Tesserae: Pieces of colored glass, stone or ceramic used in making mosaics.
Textile Art: Artwork that utilizes textiles as its medium (see definition of Artwork and ArtCloth). Note: Textiles also embraces all woven media.
Textile Design: The art and science of designing for fabrics. Typically (but not always) involves the creation of repeat patterns. Specifications differ drastically depending on application (contract, apparel, home furnishings, etc.), technology (printed, woven, etc.), and other considerations. Commonly done with software.
The Buff (Graffiti Term): The MTA's (New York) graffiti removal program.
Theme: A subject matter for a design or collection; for example, a Christmas theme or a pets theme.
Thiriet, Henri: Art Category: Printmaker. Art Movements: Art Nouveau.
Title: Exposition de blanc, a la Place Clichy.
Throw-Up (Graffiti Term): A throw-up or "throwie" sits between a tag and a bomb in terms of complexity and time investment. It generally consists of a one color outline and one layer of fill-color. Easy-to-paint bubble shapes often form the letters. A throw-up is designed for quick execution, to avoid attracting attention to the writer. Throw-ups are often utilized by writers who wish to achieve a large number of tags while competing with rival artists. Most artists have both a tag and a throw-up that are essentially fixed compared to pieces. It is mostly so because they need to have a recognizable logo for others to identify them and their own individual styles.
Throwie (Graffiti Term): Contemporary term for throw-up.
Tiffany (and Associated Artists): In the late nineteenth century in USA saw the beginning of Tiffany, a decorating company. The company designs influenced a women-only association called the “Associated Artists”, whose central figure was Candice Wheeler. Her approach to craft was similar to that of William Morris in the UK.
Tillers, Imants: Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: Post Modernism, Post Modern Appropriation.
Tims, Ricky: Art Category: Quilter. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Tinguley, Jean: Art Category: Constructivist. Art Movement: Kinetic Art.
Tintoretto, Jacopo Robusti: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Mannerism.
Titian (Tiziano Vecellio): (1488/1490 Pieve di Cadore - 1576 Venice). Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Renaissance.
His real name is Tiziano Vecellio. He was regarded as the leading Venetian artist of the Cinquecento. One of his teachers may have been Giovanni Bellini. While his earlier works werre still influenced by Giorgione, with whom he painted the frescoes of the Fondaco dei Tedeschi in Venice in 1508/09, Titian developed his expressive style that combined shapes and spaces over the course of time. He had numerouds important clients including Emperor Charles V, who appointed him court painter in 1533, Pope Paul III, and Philip II of Spain.
Tjakamarra, Michael Nelson: Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: Traditional Aboriginal Art - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Tjaltjarri, Tim Leura: Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: Traditional Aboriginal Art - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Tjapaltjarri, Clifford Possum: Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: Traditional Aboriginal Art - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Tjukurpa: The "Tjukurpa" or "Dreamtime" or "Dreaming" as it is sometimes loosely translated into English, is fundamental to Central Australian Aboriginal life. It defines traditional aboriginal law and religion and encompasses the land and its creation and all that exists. Different language groups of Central Australia have different words and spellings for the same concepts, sometimes capitalized and sometimes not. Some of these are: Tjukurpa (Pitjantjatjara language), Altyerre (Arrernte), Jukurrpa (Warlpiri) and Tjukurrpa (Pintupi - Luritja). It is incorrect to assume that all aboriginal groups in Australia have "Dreamings" or even similar "Dreamings" to those in Central Australia.
Tobey, Mark: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Fellow Traveller to Abstract Expressionism.
Toile De Jouy: A decorating pattern on a scenic, pastoral, or floral theme usually printed in one color on a light or white ground. Originated in 18th century France. Often abbreviated to 'toile.'
Tonal Blending: In painting, modeling a form by changes in tones of a single color instead of changes in hue.
Tondo: Circular painting, cameo or medallion.
Top-to-Bottom: Pieces on trains that cover the whole height of the car. A top-to-bottom, end-to-end combined production is called a whole-car. A production with several writers might cover a whole-train, which means the entire side of the train has been covered. In the US this term can also be used as a single noun instead of only an adjective.
Toorop, Jan: Art Category: Painter Art Movements: Post-Impressionism, Symbolism-Art Nouveau.
Toose, Kirry Art Category: Fashion Art. Art Movement: Wearable Art.
Materials and Techniques: Metallic silk/synthetic, assorted silks and synthetic fabrics. Polyester tubing, memory wire. Piping and rouleaux, handmade roses, machine digitising.
Tossed: A design in which elements (for example flowers) are scattered randomly within the unit of repeat. Also called random layout.
Totem: The protective creature, usually an animal or bird, to which a clan believes itself related; the emblem which represents clan or family.
Totem Pole: A carved and painted wooden post showing figures of totemic protection or ancestors.
Toulouse-Lautrec: Art Category: Painter, Printmaker. Art Movement: Art Nouveau, Caricature.
Toy (Graffiti Term): (i) Used as an adjective to describe poor work, or as a noun meaning an inexperienced or unskilled writer. Graffiti writers usually use this as a derogatory term for new writers in the scene, or writers who are old to the scene and still do not have any skill or reputation. The act of "toying" someone else's graffiti is to disrespect it by means of going over it (see "slash"/"going over"); (ii) "Toys" often added above or directly on a "toy" work. An acronym meaning, "tag over your shit"; (iii) A small felt tip marker.
Tracery: The ornamental framework of interlacing stone, wood, or cast iron ribs supporting (or implying the support of) glass in a Gothic window.
Transitional: A naturalistic design that is highly stylized, but still showing some recognizable elements.
Trapping: One semi-transparent color falling on another to produce a third color. Also called fall-on.
Trapunto: A type of quilting in which the fabric layers are stitched together with a design, after which some or all areas of the design are stuffed to create a bas-like relief.
Trefoil: A stylized three-petal flower or a leaf with three leaflets used as a pattern motif or in an ornament, often having a heraldic or symbolic meaning. A similar four-petal motif is a quatrefoil.
Trellis: A pattern featuring a supporting structure of interwoven pieces of wood or metal (latticework) sometimes adorned with climbing vines or flowers.
Trevillian, Annie: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Naïve Realism.
Triptych: (Greek: triptychos meaning 'three-layered, three-fold.' From tri-, 'three' and ptyche, ptyx meaning 'fold, layer, folded object.' A three-part painting or artwork with related content in all three parts. Originally a term used for a medieval winged altar with a fixed center panel and side leaves that could be moved. Also an alter piece of three panels.
Trompe-L’Oeil: “Fool the eye” in French; a highly illusionistic method of painting as in the works of Harnett and Peto.
Truckenbrod, Joan: Art Category: Cloth Artist, Digital Artist. Art Movement: Expressionism.
Trullisatio: The first coarse undercoat of fresco plastering.
Truran, Hannah: Art Category: Wearable Art. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Tsou-Choi, Tsang: Art Category: Calligraphist. Art Movement: Graffiti.
Tungatalum, Bede: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movements: Tiwi Design - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Turner, Joseph Mallord William: (1775 London - 1851 Chelsea). Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Romantic Landscape.
He became a student at the Royal Academy in 1789. He was made an ordinary member in 1802, and a professor of the study of perspective in 1809. His works of this time confront the art of Poussin and Lorrain. On travels through England, Scotland and Wales, France and Switzerland, Turner produced topographic sketches of the nature he saw. His style changed after visits to Italy in 1819 and 1828, and his earlier landscape impressions, which were bathed in light, were followed by visionary picture creations.
Turner, Lesley: Art Category: Cloth Artist, Soft Sculpture. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Turnover: A design in which the motif is flipped horizontally or vertically.
Two-Color (Counterchange) Symmetries: Symmetries that combine geometrical operations (translations, rotations, reflections, and glide reflections) with color reversals. There are exactly 46 types of two-color symmetries on the plane. See also counterchange pattern.
Two-Directional Pattern: A directional pattern that has features in two directions, typically at 90° or 180°. A design that is reversible in the top and bottom directions is also called a two-way design.
Two-Way Layout: A design in which half the motifs face an opposite direction, for example, up and down. See also two-directional design.
Uccello, Paolo: (1397 Pratovecchio, Arezzo - 1475 Florence). Trained in Lorenzo Ghiberti's studio in Florence between 1407 and 1412, and worked as his assistant on the execution of the Baptistery towers. In 1415, Uccello was accepted as a master in the Guild of Medici e Speciali to which painters also belonged. He was in Venice from 1425 to 1431, then settled in Florence. Influenced by the works of Masaccio and Donatello, Uccello devlped into the leadingf exponent of his generation of the mastery of perspective.
Uhde, Fritz von: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Impressionism.
Ukiyo-e (Floating Pictures - Japanese): Perspective prints.
Unbalanced Stripes: Unbalanced stripes do not have a "center" and are asymmetrical stripes.
Underlaying Technique: Method of adding a small illustration within a larger one by sitting the larger illustration and slipping a portion of the smaller one through the slit underneath.
Underlying Color: A color printed first that becomes partially or totally hidden by a subsequent layer of color.
Underpainting: The first stage of indirect painting method; the establishment of the chief shapes, lights, darks and masses, usually with a limited palette or in monochrome.
Undersides (Graffiti Term): Tags or signatures painted on the under carriage of passenger trains. Undersides are normally marked in the yard after painting the train panel, most undersides will last somewhat longer than the original piece, as the railway workers primarily focus on the most visible things and sometimes do not have resources to clean everything.
Undertone: The color effect of a hue when tinted; the result might look like the body tone or it may show a temperature change.
Undirectional: A design that looks the same from any direction. Same as non-directional design. The opposite is a directional pattern.
Unity: A feeling of wholeness or completeness in a work of art. Also a coherent relationship among parts or elements of a work of art.
Up (Graffiti Term): Writers become up when their work becomes widespread and well-known. Although a writer can "get up" in a city by painting only tags (or throw-ups), a writer may earn more respect from skillfully executed pieces or a well-rounded repertoire of styles than from sheer number of tags. Usually the more spots a writer can hit, the more respect he or she gains. Usually, if the writer hits more spots with better style they will get more respect then someone who simply tags. A writers ups is determined by how much prolific graffiti he/she has accomplished. Writers are considered "up" both in terms of the number of spots they have hit, but also those that are still running.
Urban Art (Graffiti Term): Legitimate art, usually in a graffiti style, in public places; also known as “street art".
Urbiene, Jurte: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Urushi-e (Lacquer Picture - Japanese): Beni-e, with the addition of glue to the pigments to give a lustrous finish, often sprinkled with metallic dust or mica.
van Baarle, Els: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Abstract Expressionism.
van der Byl, Muriel: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Aboriginal Culture.
Technique: Screen print on Silk.
Size: 83.0 x 110.0 cm.
van der Leck, Bart: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: de Stijl.
van Gogh, Vincent Willem: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Post-Impressionism.
Vanishing Point (abb: VP): In perspective projections, point at which all parallel lines, which are also parallel to the round plane, converge on the horizon.
Vantongerloo, Georges: Art Category: Sculptor. Art Movement: de Stijl, Abstract Creation.
Vasarley, Victor: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Op Art.
Veduta: (Italian: 'view'). Topographical paintings and prints - especially popular in the eighteenth century. Although these were generally of real locations, the term could incorporate imaginative views as well, albeit realistically conceived.
Vega, Joey “Serve” Art Category: Muralist. Art Movement: Street Art.
Veining: Specialist technique for painting the veins on simulated marble.
Velázquez, Diego Rodriguez de Silva: (1599 Seville - 1660 Madrid). He was regarded as the main Spanish artist of the 17th century. He studied under Francisco Herrera the elder and Francisco Pacheco in Seville. His career flourished from 1627 at the court of Philip IV, peaking in 1652 when he was appointed seneschal. He traveled to Italy in 1629, presumably inspired by Peter Paul Rubens, whom he had met the year before in Madrid. A second journey followed between 1649 and 1651. Velázquez was influenced by Venetian art. He used loosely applied warm colors, blending them gently and softly.
Uffizi Gallery, Florence.
Vermeer, Jan: (1632 Delft - 1675 Delft). He was also known as Jan or Johannes Vermeer van Delft. He was accepted by the Guild of St. Luke of Delft as a master in 1533 while her continued. to run his father's art dealership at the same time. is oeuvre consisted of no more that 34 paintings, usually parts of bourgeois interiors that are illuminated through side windows and in which an indivdual or a few figures are engrossed in some activity. Due to his fine feeling for color and light values, which Vermeer developed from Fabritius, the Delft-born artist became the most important Dutch genre painter of the 17th century.
Vermicular: A pattern of irregular twisted lines (derived from the Latin "worm"). Also called vermiculate and vermiculated (for example vermiculated ground), seaweed, scribble, maze, and network pattern. Can be formed by dots (see stippling and pilotage).
Veronese, Paolo: (1528 Verona - 1588 Venice). His real name was Paolo Calieri. Settled in Venice in 1553. From 1533 he worked in the Sala del Consigli dei Dieci in the doge's palace, and around 1555-1570 on paintings in the church of San Sebastian. After a trip to Rome he produced famous frescoes in the Villa Barbaro in Maser near Treviso ca. 1561/62. The artist oeuvre, which belongs to the Late Renaissance (with Titian and Tintoretto he was one of the three great Venetian painters of the Cinquecento), consists of ceiling frescoes, altar panels, mythological stories, and portraits.
Verstegen, Clare: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Materials and Techniques: Wool felt, pigments, clay, wood, heat transfer.
Vexta: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Street Art.
Mixed media on canvas.
Victorian Style: The style prevalent in architecture and design in Britain during the regain of Queen Victoria (1837-1901). Usually characterized by a profusion of elaborate surface decoration and glittering effects, it was often associated with shoddy materials and industrial processes. The term is sometimes used to designate similar styles of architecture and design current elsewhere (for example in the USA) during this period.
Vigée-Lebrun, Elisabeth-Louise: (1755 Paris - 1842 Paris). She studied under her father, the watercolorist Louis Vigée, and under Gabriel Doyen and Fabriel Briad. In 1778 she married the wealthy artist and art dealer Lebrun. In 1779, at the age of 24, she was appointed court artist by Marie-Antoninette. During the years of the Revolution she traveled to Rome, and then to Vienna, Berlin, Dresden, St. Petersburg, and London. She did not return to Paris until 1809, by which time she had become a highly successful and valued portraitist to the European aristocracy.
Villion, Jacques: Art Category: Painter, Engraver. Art Movement: Cubism, Abstract Art.
Visual: A mock up of the proposed appearance of a design or layout or presented as a rough drawing, or if more highly finished, as a presentation visual.
Viven, Louis: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Naïve Realism.
Vlaminck, Maurice: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Fauvism.
Vodou (Voodoo, Vodun, Voudoun): The religion of the majority of the Haitian people, which combines West African and European spiritual practices.
Voge, Marc: Art Category: Photography. Art Movement: Web Art.
Vordemberge-Gildewart, Friedrich: Art Category: Painter, Sculptor. Art Movements: de Stijl, Abstraction-Creation.
Vorticism: English movement arising in 1914, marked by the expression of energy through abstract forms.
Votive Picture: (Latin, votivus meaning 'praised, blessed.') A picture donated to a saint or to God in thanks for being saved from danger, in support of a plea, or in gratitude for a prayer answered.
Vouet, Simon: (1590 Paris - 1649 Paris). He studied under his father Laurent Vouet, and was already much in demand as a portrait painter at an early age. In 1611 he traveled to Rome via Constantinople and Venice, and lived there for many years from the end of 1613. Appointedm, Peintre du Roi, he returned to Paris on the orders of Louis XIII in 1627. This date is generally regarded as the beginning of Classicaist painting in France. He produced altar panels and portraits, but from his workshop came mainly pictures of elegant Parisian residences.
Vrubel, Mikhail: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Symbolism.
Vuillard, Edouard: Art Category: Painter. Art Movements: Post-Impressionism, Intimism.
Wak (Graffiti Term): Substandard or incorrect.
Wall Paper (Graffiti Term): Repetition of a name written making enough coverage so that a pattern develops, much like wall paper.
Wallpaper Group cm: A symmetry type characterized by reflections and glide-reflections with parallel axes. Produces "Mirror & glide" patterns (cm patterns).
Wallpaper Group cmm: A symmetry type characterized by perpendicular reflections and perpendicular glide-reflections. Produces "Perpendicular mirrors & glide" patterns (cmm patterns).
Wallpaper Group p1: A symmetry type represented only by translations (shifts). Produces "Simple shift" patterns (p1 patterns).
Wallpaper Group p2: A symmetry type characterized by 180° rotations (half-turns). Produces "Half-turn" patterns (p2 patterns).
Wallpaper Group p3: A symmetry type characterized by 120° rotations. Produces "Three rotations" patterns (p3 patterns).
Wallpaper Group p31m: A symmetry type characterized by reflections in axes intersecting at 60° and 120° rotations. Produces "Three rotations & mirrors" patterns (p31m patterns).
Wallpaper Group p3m1: A symmetry type characterized by reflections in axes intersecting at 60° and 120° rotations around centres that lie on the reflection axes. Produces "Three mirrors" patterns (p3m1 patterns).
Wallpaper Group p4: A symmetry type characterized by 90° rotations (quarter turns). Produces "Pinwheel" patterns (p4 patterns).
Wallpaper Group p4g: A symmetry type characterized by reflections and both 90° and 180° rotations. Produces "Quarter-turns & rotated mirrors" patterns (p4g patterns).
Wallpaper Group p4m: A symmetry type characterized by 90° (quarter-turn) rotations with centres on reflection axes, as in a kaleidoscope produced by three mirrors, two of which intersect at 90° and two at 45°. Produces "Quarter-turns & mirrors" patterns (p4m patterns).
Wallpaper Group p6: A symmetry type characterized by 60° rotations. Produces "Six rotations" patterns (p6 patterns).
Wallpaper Group p6m: A symmetry created by reflections in three mirrors intersecting at 90°, 60°, and 30°. Produces "Kaleidoscope" patterns (p6m patterns).
Wallpaper Group pg: A symmetry type characterized by glide-reflections in parallel axes. Produces "Glide reflection" patterns (pg patterns).
Wallpaper Group egg: A symmetry type characterized by glide-reflections in two perpendicular axes. Produces "Double glide" patterns (egg patterns).
Wallpaper Group pm: A symmetry type characterized by reflections in parallel axes. Produces "Mirror" patterns (pm patterns).
Wallpaper Group omg: A symmetry type characterized by parallel mirrors and parallel glides that intersect at right angles. Produces "Parallel mirrors & glide" patterns (omg patterns).
Wallpaper Group mm: A symmetry type characterized by reflections in perpendicular mirrors. Produces "Double mirror" patterns (umm patterns).
Wallpaper Groups: A mathematical concept that uses symmetry to classify surface repeat patterns (repetitive designs on a two-dimensional plane). There are exactly seventeen (17) wallpaper groups that correspond to seventeen different types of surface patterns. Similarly, there are seven (7) frieze groups that correspond to seven types of linear (frieze) patterns.
Wallpaper Pattern: A repeat pattern on a two-dimensional plane. Same as surface pattern. There are exactly seventeen (17) types of wallpaper patterns. See wallpaper groups. Similarly, there are seven (7) frieze patterns that correspond to seven types of linear patterns.
Warhol, Andy Art Category: Printmaker. Art Movement: Pop Art.
Wash: A thin, semi-transparent film of paint, highly diluted with turpentine or water (as in watercolour paintings) and applied with a broad, continuous sweep of the brush.
Watercolor: Imitating effects produced by painting with watercolours (aquarelles). Often creates patterns with light, soft, and transparent gradations.
Watteau, Jean-Antoine: (1684 Valenciennes - 1721 Nogent-sur-Marne). He studied under Jacques-Albert Gérin in Valenciennes. He return to Paris around 1702, and continued studying under Claude Gillot and Claude Audran III. These masters introduced Watteau to the motifs of the Commedia dell'Arte and the free painting style of the arabesque. In 1717 he was accepted by the Académie Royale de Peinture et Sculpture as peintre de fêtes galantes. In 1719 and 1720 the artist, who was much in demand, worked in London. Watteau was one of the most important French painters of the 18th century.
Wax used in Art Marking: For batik or for any resist method, wax may be used as the resist medium. Wax obtained from candles or paraffin wax may be used so long as a brush or implement can apply the wax to a fabric surface. Using a tjanting tool or similar drawing implement, beeswax is often employed since it does not crackle. Most batik is done using mixtures of paraffin and beeswax. For example, a pre-mixed crackling wax will contain 30 percent beeswax and 70 per cent paraffin wax and for a non-crackling wax it is approximately 40 per cent beeswax and 60 per cent paraffin wax. More recently, environmentally friendly soy wax has been used as the preferred resist medium by several ArtCloth artists.
Size: 112 cm (width) x 296 cm (length).
Wearable Art: It is “Art” when placed in an art context, but when it is not placed in an art context, its functionality obscures the act of engagement and so may only satisfy the first and third necessary conditions of artwork (see definition of Artwork).
Wesselman, Tom: Art Category: Collage. Art Movement: Pop Art.
Weyden, Rogier van der: (ca. 1399 Tournai - 1484 Brussels). He was also known as Rogelet de la Pasture. He studied under Robert Campin from 1427. In 1435/36 he was city painter in Brussels. On a pilgrimage to Rome in 1450, he worked in Ferrara, and probably in Florence. Rogier's is the art of a van Eyck and master of Remalle, who was often identified with Campin, but spurned their realism in favor of an overall greater stylization of shape, as is revealed by his slim, elegant figures. His works are carefully balanced compositions of space and surface.
Whistler, James Abbot McNeill: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: American Aesthetic Painter and Engraver.
Wiener Wekstätte: Founded in Austria by Otto Wagner, as a follow on from the Vienna Succession at the same time as Art Nouveau. The fabrics were hand-printed for fashion and interiors, and influenced by Gustav Klimt, who reflected the textiles in his paintings.
Weiss, Marcia L.: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Whole Car (Graffiti Term): A single or collaborative piece that covers the entire visible surface of a train car, usually excluding the front and rear of the train. A whole car is usually worked upon by either a single artist or several artists from the same crew and is completed in one sitting.
Whole Train: All train cars (usually between four and eight or more, regardless of the train length) completely covered with paint reaching the far end of the train on one or both sides. Such demanding actions are often done by multiple artists or crews and with a limited variation of colors – commonly in black and silver – because of the stressing time limitation they are facing when painting in the train yards (very often less than 30 minutes). However the more artists who participate, the better works can come out of it and the cars are done quicker too. This type of graffiti, if finished successful, is one of the most respected forms amongst other writers, but is also rarer due to the higher risk of getting caught. it has also been known that 'crews' of graffiti artists would demonstrate their 'whole cart/train' skills, usually carried out by waiting at a train/metro stop or station, waiting for the train to approach. then when stopped quickly cover the full area of the cart, this can be finished within 2 minutes of the train pulling into the station.
Wildstyle (Graffiti Term): (i) Graffiti with text so stylized as to be difficult to read, often with interlocking, three-dimensional type.
(ii) Bronx crew from the 1970s led by Tracy 168; (iii) Classic film on Hip Hop culture directed by Charlie Ahearn.
Williams, Lorraine: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Traditional Aboriginal Art - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Wilson, Bret: Art Category: Sculptor – Ready Mades. Art Movement: Street Art.
Window-Down (Graffiti Term): Used mostly as a prefix for a whole car (other variations are possible too) where the content has been painted below the window borders, almost always covering the whole surface in its length (see end-to-end). Can be used as a more precise alternative to the mentioned term within the brackets, but though not in addition to top-to-bottom as that will exceed the definition of the term.
Winters, Cherie: Art Category: Printmaker. Art Movement: Expressionism.
Wisniowski, Marie-Therese: Art Category: Printmaker, Cloth Artist. Art Movements: Primitive Art, Environmental Art, Post Graffiti, Socio-Political Art.
Category: Environmental Art.
Wols (Wolfgang Schultze): Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Informal Abstraction.
Wolseley, John Art Category: Printmaker. Art Movement: Landscape.
Woodgraining: Technique used to imitate the characteristic markings of a variety of woodgrains.
Woodblock Graffiti (Graffiti Term): Artwork painted on a small portion of plywood or similar inexpensive material and attached to street sign posts with bolts. Often the bolts are bent at the back to prevent removal.
Wreath: A ring-shaped intertwined garland of flowers or leaves, often with ribbons and/or other decorations.
Wright, Joseph: (1734 Derby - 1797 Derby). He was known as Joseph Wright of Derby, and was a student of the London-based portaitist, Thomasd Hudson. He lived in his hometown of Derby, apart from a few brief sojourns in Liverpool (1768-1770), Italy (1773-1775), and Bath (1775-1778). His well-known scientific society pieces gained their effectiveness from the Caravaggist-inspired lighting. His landscapes, which were executed in shades of green and brown, hinted at the emerging style of Romanticism.
Wright, Wendy: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Abstract Expressionism.
Panel 1 - Before the Rain.
Panel 2 - During the Rain.
Panel 3 - Desert Transformations.
Silk. Dying, painting, machine and hand embroidery.
Writer (Graffiti Term): A practitioner of writing, a graffiti artist.
Wyeth, Andrew: Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Figurative Realism.
Yakusha-e (Japanese): Actor pictures.
Yamato-e (Pictures of Yamato - Japanese): Classical school of Japanese painting.
Yerka, Jacek Art Category: Painter. Art Movement: Magical Surrealism.
Technique: Drawing (Pastel).
Yōga (Western Style Painting - Japanese): A style based on European painting, which used oil paints on canvas.
Yoko-e (Horizontal Picture; also called Yoko-Ban - Japanese): Prints with a horizontal format.
Yoko-e, a print in horizontal or "landscape" format.
Yokohama-e (Yokohama Pictures - Japanese): Late style of ukiyo-e, which was popular between 1860 and 1880 and which illustrated scenes of Yokohama in the late Edo and early Meiji period.
Yore, Paul: Art Category: ArtCloth. Art Movement: Symbolism.
Technique: Appliqué, embroidery and beading, found objects/material, beads, buttons, sequins, felt, wool, cotton thread.
Young, Marie: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movements: Traditional Aboriginal Art - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Technique: Handpainted Silk.
Young, Marlene: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Aboriginal Dreamtime.
Material and Technique: Painted on Silk.
Size: 295.5 x 116.0 cm.
Young, Ray: Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Traditional Aboriginal Art - Symbolism/Environmental Art.
Artist: Gabriel Maralngurra and Ray Young - Barramundi.
Technique: Screen-printed cotton twill.
Zakine, Ossip: Art Category: Sculptor. Art Movement: Surrealism.
Zalij: The intricate geometric mosaic telework created from sets of characteristic shapes, typically cut from enamelled terracotta squares. Used as decorations outside and inside buildings. Another spelling is zillion.
Zhang, Yan Art Category: Cloth Artist. Art Movement: Abstract Expressionism.
Materials and Technique: Digital print on cotton.
Zillij: The intricate geometric mosaic telework created from sets of characteristic shapes, typically cut from enamelled terracotta squares. Used as decorations outside and inside buildings. Another spelling is zalij.
Zoomorphic: Pertaining to animal art; ascribing animal forms or attributes to humans, especially to gods and goddesses.
Zschech, Michael: Art Category: Printmaker. Art Movement: Expressionism.
Zurbarán, Francisco de: (1598 Fuente de Cantos - 1664 Madrid). He studied under Pedro Diaz de Villanueva in Seville. He settled in Llerena in 1617, but received most commissions from Seville, so he moved there. His career peaked in 1630s: he worked for Philip IV at the court of Madrid from 1634-1636, and then completed his most important picture cycles for various monasteries. From about 1645, Zurbarán was increasing sidelined by Murillo. He moved to Madrid in 1658, hoping for more commissions.
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