Saturday, September 30, 2023

Melbourne Now - Part I [1]
Art Exhibition

Marie-Therese Wisniowski

For your convenience I have listed below other posts on thie blogspot that features Melbourne Now exhibitions:
Melbourne Now - Part I
Melbourne Now - Part II
Melbourne Now - Part III
Melbourne Now - Part IV

'Melbourne Now' was an art exhibition mounted by the National Gallery of Victoria in 2014. It takes as it premise the idea that a city is significantly shaped by the artists, designers, architects, choreographers, intellectuals and community groups that live and work in its midsts. The aim is to explore how Melbourne's visual artists and creative practitioners contribute to the dynamic cultural identity of this city. The result is an exhibition that celebrates what is unique about Melbourne's art, design and architecture communities.

The intention of this exhibition is to encourage and inspire everyone to discover some of the best of Melbourne's culture. To help achieve this, family-friendly activities, dance and music performances, inspiring talks from creative practitioner's, city walks and ephemeral installations and events made up the public program.

This and other posts in this series will concentrate on the participating artists rather than on other features of the exhibition event (e.g., family friendly commisions developed especially for children and young audiences that aimed to encourage participatory learning for kids and families etc.)

Melbourne Now - Part I[1]

Geoff Lowe and Jacquelin Riva

A Constructed World
Title: A Constructed World.

'A Constructed World' is the moniker of the influential artistic collaboration between Geoff Lowe and Jacquelin Riva. Active since 1993, and currently based in Paris, A Constructive World's projects encompass painting and video, publishing and performance, workshops and events. Often involving improvisation, free association and choeography of multiple participants and perspectives Lowe and Riva's practice encourages risk, response and unexpected encounters in an investigation of the act of making art.

For Melbourne Now, 'A Constructed World,' reflects on the shift towards neoliberalism and economic rationalism that has occurred over the past decade, during which Lowe and Riva have mostly lived abroad. Informed by a period of research undertaken with French philosopher, Fabien Vallos, and arists extended collaborative group 'Speech and What Active', 'A Constructed World' explores Aristotle's notion of the Chrematistic: the process of accumulating wealth through money and goods regardless of their use value. The resulting collaboration of works, one painting, one video and one sculpture - references the parable of the talents from Mathew 25: 14-30 and explores the embarassment and conscious duplicity of this story and it's implications [1].

ALLYOURWALLS - Hoiser Lane

Hoiser Lane
Located in central Melbourne (between Flinders Lane and Flinders Street and running parallel to Russell Street), Hoiser Lane, along with its cobbled 'anabranch' Rutledge Lane, first came to prominence as a venue for street art in the 1990s. Since then, the walls of the lanes have functioned as an exhibition site for local and international street artists. Recently, several organizations have been working with local artists to invigorate Hosier Lane with a diverse range of projects. Among the organizations fostering dynamic art events within Hosier Lane are notable Melbourne street art blog - Land of Sunshine, Invurt - one of Australia's leading online underground art magazines - and Hosier Inc., a community association comprising of residents, property owners and artists.

ALLYOURWALLS has been organized by Land of Sunshine and Invurt in association with the National Gallery of Victoria and Hoiser Inc., and forms a key component of 'Melbourne Now.' It brings together some of Melbourne's finest street artists and graffiti crews in a major makeover of Hosier Lane that celebrates the significant role street art and graffiti continues to play in the cultural life of this city.

Rick Amor

Mobile Call
Title: Mobile Call (2012).

Rick Amor has been involved in artmaking, more specifically painting, sculpture and printmaking, for many decades. Amor's world is a rich composition of his life aesthetic and experiences played out through his work. He has held numerous solo shows and is represented in major public and private collections in Australia and internationally.

Best known for his brooding urban landscapes, Amor's work in Melbourne Now, 'Mobile Call' (2012) stays true to his theme. The painting speaks to the heart of urban living in its depiction of a darkened city alleyway, with dim, foreboding lighting. A security camera on the wall surveys the scene, a lone austere figure just within its watch. The camera represents the omnipresent surveillance of our modern lives, and an uneasy air of suspicion permeates the painting's subdued, gray landscape. Amor's reflections on the urban landscape are solemn, restrained and often melancholic. Quietly powerful, his work alludes to a mystery in the banality of daily existence, 'Mobile Call' is a realistic portrayal of a metropolitan landscape that opens our eyes to a strange and complex world.

Brook Andrew

Vax: Beyond Tasmania (Detail)
Title: Vax: Beyond Tasmania (Detail, 2013).

Brook Andrew is an artist of considerable daring and flair whose works often unsettles or destablizes conventional readings of the world. His shifting, interdisciplinery practice challenges stereotypical notions of history, identity and race, without apportioning blame or guilt. The seductive beauty of his work entices the viewer to confront repugnant acts of racism, voyeurism and oppression and to address dangerous ideas and taboos.

Andrew's, Vox: Beyond Tasmania (2013) renders palpable contemporary art at a central preoccupation of his humanist practice - the legacy of historical trauma on the present. Inspired by a rare volume of drawings of fifty-two Tasmanian Aboriginal crania, Andrew has created a vast wunderkammer containing a severed human skeleton, anthropological literature and artifacts. The focal point of this assemblage of decontexturalized exotica is a skull, which lays bare the practice of desecrating sacred burial sites in order to snatch Aboriginal skeletal remains as scientific trophies, amassed as specimens to be studied in support of taxonomic theories of evolution and eugenics. Andrew's profound and humbling memorial to genocide was supported in its first presentation by fifty-two portraits and a commissioned requiem by composer Stephanie Kabanyana Kanyandekwe.

Benjamin Armstrong

Conjuring
Title: Conjuring (2011).

Prolific multidisciplinary artist Benjamin Armstrong was born in Melbourne in 1975. He graduated from the Victorian College of the Arts with a Bachelor of Fine Art in 1996, and since then he has widely exhibited his work, ranging from sculpture to works on paper, in Australia and abroad. Amstrong's distinctive style is intriguing, adventureous and also slightly unsettling: his expermentation and play with visceral, sensual forms, patterns and materials provokes strong reactions in the viewer.

The large scale works on paper by Armstrong included in Melbourne Now are no different. These pieces are charged with mysterious energy that is pregnant with potential, signifying transformation, turbence and instability. Each work carries loose, swirling watercolor forms, which suggests hovering emotional and physcical forces to be contended with. The charged and powerful tentacles in Conjuring (2011), reveal a vastly different tone to his work Victory, 2011, where beams of light crack through a looming, dark sky, elicitng slight optimism. Individually and collectively these works pose big questions about our world, our geographies, and our origins.

Janet Beckhouse

Portsea
Title: Portsea (2013).

Janet Beckhouse is one of Melbourne's foremost contemporary ceramicists. Her sculptural forms are influenced by the aesthetics of Baroque and Rococo ornamentation, fifteenth-century majolica ware and early twentieth-century Australian ceramic traditions. Beckhouse completed a Bachelor of Fine Art at RMIT University in 2000, and a Master of Fine Art at Monash University in 2012. She has exhibited widely in Australia.

Beckhouse's elaborate creations often have a melancholic air and impart a sense of dark forelore. Skulls and bones - symbols of the fragility of human existence and the inevitability of our mortality - are recurring motifs and lend her oeuvre a contemporary streetwise currency. References to the natural world, from lizards, snakes and sea creatures, to intricate plants and elaborate corals also punctuate her work. Characterised by a visual cacophony of forms and references, Beckhouse's art is one of contrasts. As fellow ceramicist Peter Pilven observed, 'Like the music of Jimi Hendrix, whom she admires, [Beckhouse's] creations often convey a discordant spikiness that can contrast and clash, creating a visual disharmony that is not always pretty or comfortable.

Stephen Benwell

Statute, Arm Raised
Title: Statue, Arm Raised (2011).

Stephen Benwell's practice, which has spanned many decades, includes printmaking, drawing and painting; however, he is best known for his distinctive hand-built and feely created decorated ceramic forms and figures. Benwell began his professional career in 1975 and since then he has held numerous solo exhibitions including an exhibition in 2013 at the Heide Museum of Modern Art, Melbourne. His work typically integrates elements of classical history with a lyrical artistic aesthetic and unconventional approach to the ceramic medium.

Throughout his career a major preoccupation of Benwell's work has been the depiction of the male figure. In 2006 he commenced a series of figurative sculptural works that explore issues relating to masculinity, naked beauty and sensuality. These works, initially inspired by eighteenth century figurines and Greco-Roman statuary, have become significant aspects of Benwell's recent practice. The artist contributes a group of these evocative figures for Melbourne Now.


Reference:
[1] T. Ellwood, Director, National Gallery of Victoria.

Saturday, September 23, 2023

Posters from World War II On (Since 1940s) - Part I [1]
Prints on Paper

Marie-Therese Wisniowski


Preamble
For your convenience I have listed below all the posts in this series:
Posters from World War II On Since 1940s - Part I
Posters from World War II On Since 1940s - Part II


Posters from World War II On (Since 1940s) - Part I [1]

Celebrating the end of World War 2
Celebrating the end of World War 2.

We're In It Together (1941)
Title (Year): We're In It Together (1941).
Creator: Federic H.K. Henrion.
Printing Process: Offset.
Size: 72.9 x 91.1 cm.
Comment [1]: Printed for H.M. Stationary Office by Henry Hildesley Ltd., London.

Confiance
Title (Year): Confiance (Unknown).
Creator: S.P.K. (unknown).
Printing Process: Color lithograph.
Size: 119.2 x 78.6 cm.

Rodakorsveckan
Title (Year): Rodakorsveckan (1944).
Creator: Anders Beckman.
Printing Process: Color lithograph.
Size: 99.0 x 69.3 cm.
Comment [1]: Printed for H.M. Stationary Office by Henry Hildesley Ltd., London.

New Adventures of Batman
Title (Year): New Adventures of Batman (1943).
Creator: unknown.
Printing Process: Color lithograph.
Size: 73.2 x 97.9 cm.

Knie
Title (Year): Knie (1948).
Creator: Herbert Leupin.
Printing Process: Color lithograph.
Size: 127.8 x 90.2 cm.

VI Polish and III International Festival of Short Films
Title (Year): VI Polish and III International Festival of Short Films (1941).
Printing Process: Offset.
Size: 39.7 x 29.1 cm.


Reference:
World Poster Museum, Exhibit 1: World Poster Masterpieces, World Design Exposition ; 89 in Shirotori.

Saturday, September 16, 2023

The Art of Mary Edna Fraser: Poetic Landscapes
ArtCloth

Guest Artist: Mary Edna Fraser

Preamble
For your convenience I have listed below other Guest Artists posts' on this blogspot:
My Voice using Disperse Dyes on Cloth (Jennifer Libby Fay)
An Artistic Dialogue With My Immediate Environment (Lesley Turner)
The Art of Fascinators (Flora Fascinata)
Reality, Influence and Invention (Shirley McKernan)
The Mythical Beasts (Eric and Robyn Werkhoven)
Studio La Primitive Fashion Fantastic (Eric and Robyn Werkhoven)
The Art of Mary Edna Fraser: Poetic Landscapes


Introduction
I first met American artist, Mary Edna Fraser, in 2009. Both of us were invited to tutor workshops at Janet De Boer’s, The Australian Forum for Textile Arts (TAFTA), 2009 International Geelong Fibre Forum. The 2009 Geelong Forum which was held from 27th September through to 3rd of October, celebrated TAFTA’s 10th Anniversary of that event. Mary Edna and I were also invited to exhibit our ArtCloth/textile artworks as Feature Artists at the Sinclaire Gallery, at Geelong Grammar School, Victoria, where the Geelong Forum was held.
Mary Edna Fraser
Mary Edna Fraser.

A passionate and insightful artist Mary Edna has strived to raise awareness about the fragile beauty and threat to our natural world due to anthropogenic climate change via her exquisite, large scale, signature aerial batiks on silk.

A world traveller who has traversed extensively documenting the extraordinary landscapes on our planet and elsewhere, Mary Edna is one of the early advocates of environmental art. Her ability to merge the fields of art, photography, science, and academic collaboration into a harmonious whole is evidenced through her years of visual and conceptual consistency through her iconic, multi-layered artworks and installations. Taking aerial photographs of our planet’s landscapes during her 50 year career, her works highlight the rapidly growing effects of climate change and the need to generate a more responsible and sustainable society so as to preserve our natural heritage for generations to come.

With her generous and adventurous spirit, Mary Edna shares her artistic processes, poetic vision and life’s work to inform and celebrate the connection that we all have with our solar system, in which our home, planet Earth with its lands, oceans, skies and myriad of life forms is contained.

Below is a vignette of her work. Visit Mary Edna’s website, facebook and Instagram for more of her artwork and insights.

I know you will love her artworks, installations and artistic journey as much as I do.

Marie-Therese


The Art of Mary Edna Fraser: Poetic Landscapes
For five decades, batik has been my medium, ranging from 14-inch damask kimono silks to soaring sculpture commissions for atriums. Most of my work is from the aerial vantage point of flying in my Grandfather’s 1946 vintage plane with my Father and Brother as pilots. I have flown and photographed most of the East Coast of America. Hiring instructors allows me to explore more parts of the world. The Great Wall of China and Mount Fuji have been captured through my Nikon camera on jet excursions. Charts, maps, or hiking for panoramic bird’s eye view also spur new designs. A dramatic scale and vibrant colorways impart an emotional response to beloved landscapes.

Mary Edna’s grandfather’s 1946 vintage plane flying above the landscape
Mary Edna’s grandfather’s 1946 vintage plane flying above the landscape showing views of aerial vantage points that inspire her signature batik artworks.

Close up of Mary Edna taking photographs in a vintage plane
A close up of Mary Edna taking aerial photographs from her grandfather’s 1946 vintage plane.

Although my medium is labor-intensive, I enjoy every part of the art - from the leap in my heart when I see an amazing shot through the camera lens, to the final batik which makes my mind’s eye a reality. The tedious process encourages a meditative approach. Silk is light reflective, perfect for atmospheric images conveyed in the studio. Over one hundred one-woman exhibitions have shown my work, primarily in museums. Presently I teach batik with my daughter Reba Fraser, also a dyer.

My intent is to convey the essence of place. My generation is the first to have procion dye chemistry available to them. We are also the first to have fast film and satellite imagery. ‘The Batik Art of Mary Edna Fraser’ South Carolina University Press was written by my assistant of 15 years Cecelia Dailey. It is a scholarly publication offering not only techniques of the ancient medium but also what inspires my artistic career.

I am an environmental activist focused on conveying messages of conservation and stewardship. Partnering with leading experts in the fields of planetary science, coastal geology, and oceanography offers breathtaking perspectives of space, earth, and deep sea. Exhibits and books have given me fantastic experiences with themes as diverse as Global Climate Change, Mapping the Planets, and Envisioning Ocean Depths.

Aerial photographs tell a story of time. Not geologic time but vast changes that happen in one lifetime. Our ecological awareness should make us all activists. My goal is to use art as a vehicle to make the fragility of our earth come to mind. The batiks convey perspectives that the human eye, maps, and ordinary cameras cannot reveal. I hope the art will act as a catalyst for the preservation of barrier islands for future generations. The works can further inform us of human produced climate-change and degradation: rising tides, intense hurricanes, watershed pollution, and wildfires.

Silk Painters International honored me as Master Dyer and Keynote speaker in 2021. This technique of resist dyeing has offered me a life of adventure. In 1997 at the World Batik Conference in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, the Dutch Consulate asked me to lecture on my methods with over 40 dyers. TAFTA’s Geelong 2009 and 2011 Orange TAFTA gatherings provided teaching experiences. Sydney Workshops and the Powerhouse Museum premiered Australian Inspirations a film showing aerial excursions and diving in the Great Barrier Reef.

Title: Australia’s Fraser Island.
Technique and Media: Batik on silk.
Size: 27 x 40 inches.

Great Barrier Reef
Title: Great Barrier Reef.
Technique and Media: Batik on silk.
Size: 49.75 x 51.75 inches.

Spencer Gulf
Title: Spencer Gulf.
Technique and Media: Batik on silk.
Size: 26 x 37 inches.

I keep about 100 Fiber Reactive dyes in stock and make my own colors, usually 7 per dyeing plus 4 layers of wax and dye. Everything in my studio is moveable for large scale work. The upstairs is devoted to business and I can look down to see how to proceed. The first time I tried batik, I was amazed at the joy of the process. Every painting explores a new technique. Presently I have 3 wonderful people who manage my business and the provenance of 1,500 art works.

Beeswax, paraffin, electric frying pan, tjanting tools, wax brushes, various dye brushes, and silk are the essential materials. The first waxing is to reserve the original silk, sometimes with an added light wash of colors as an underpainting. Each waxing and dyeing is an abstract piece of art. Sometimes I outline with the tjanting while other designs require wax brushes. 4 layers of wax and dye achieve a nice depth with darkest dyes last. I iron between newsprint to remove the wax, dry clean, and wash in Synthrapol.

Charleston Charted is my 171”x 54” batik which took 4 months of studio time and was translated to a 40‘ x 13.5’ metallic canvas installation. I am a commission artist and Above Mobile Bay won an international award for collaboration with architects and designers. Global Perception was suspended from 22 points of a triangular ceiling grid between the 2nd and 4th floor of a Fortune 500 company. A mountain climber installed the 7’, 14’ and 21’ drapes of Buckminster Fuller’s Dymaxion Map. I did pay for the use of his design and it is thought to be the largest silk sculpture on the planet. Alas, the company changed hands and parts were damaged, but I still have large segments to display in museum exhibits.

Charleston Chartered
Working on the initial stages of Charleston Charted in my studio.

Charleston Chartered
Working on the final stages of Charleston Charted in my studio.

Charleston Chartered
Title: Charleston Charted.
Technique and Media: Batik on silk.
Size: 171 x 54 inches.

Above Mobile Bay
Title: Above Mobile Bay.
Technique and Media: Batik on silk.
Exhibition Mode: Installation.

Global Perception
Title: Global Perception.
Technique and Media: Batik on silk.
Exhibition Mode: Installation.

Charleston Waterways is my first sculpture made of 7 drapes for a 20’ x 12’ x 20’ atrium. I used electrical conduit and chain for installation. Destroyed by Hurricane Hugo in 1989, it was recommissioned. I learned that space eats color so the dyes were intensified. Exploring Deep Sea Volcanoes off the Coast of Barbados is a film made with Celie Dailey to show what it was like to be on the research vessel, Atlantis, as an artist. I painted watercolors which later became designs for batiks on silk and an exhibition. Science has always been important to my work. It was amazing to see the scientists work around the clock with the artists. Exploring Deep Sea Volcanoes off the Coast of Barbados.

Charleston Waterways
Title: Charleston Waterways.
Technique and Media: Batik on silk.
Exhibition Mode: Installation.

Deformation Zone
Title: Deformation Zone.
Technique and Media: Batik on silk.
Size: 203.5 x 36 inches.

Mapping the Planets in Silk and Sound is a multimedia approach to heavenly bodies and galaxies. Luckily I was named NASA 'Artist of the Year' in 1995 which gave me an opportunity to work with leading outer space scientists. Musician Mark Mercury created the soundtrack. In 1994-1995 the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum in Washington, DC featured Aerial Inspirations: Silk Batiks by Mary Edna Fraser, which began my work with Professor Emeritus Orrin Pilkey. We have since collaborated on two books: ‘A Celebration of the World’s Barrier Islands’ (Columbia University Press) and ‘Global Climate Change: A Primer’ (Duke University Press). I consider him my 'Boss' and we still work together on the traveling exhibition 'Our Expanding Oceans.'.

Our Galaxy
Title: Our Galaxy.
Technique and Media: Batik on silk.
Size: 171 x 51 inches.

Edisto IV (SC)
Title: Edisto IV (SC).
Technique and Media: Batik on silk.
Size: 64 x 40 inches.


Conclusion
I live in Charleston, SC, where the lush tropical landscape is surrounded by marsh, ocean, and islands. This visual poetry sinks into my memory. The intuitive creative expressions are emotional. As an elder, I paint with oils, 3’ x 8’ canvases on location outdoors in threatened landscapes. This practice presents new discoveries which can then be applied to the lovely experience of painting on silk. Learn more & view these works via my Artist website

Biography
The pioneering work of American artist Mary Edna Fraser has been collected and exhibited worldwide. Her large-scale silk batiks (an ancient resist process using wax and dye on cloth) feature aerial landscapes, deep ocean waterscapes, and outer space imagery. Her newest endeavor, oil paintings, use a panoramic perspective to give a sense of the bird’s eye view. The common thread in her career of four decades is environmental awareness.

Collaboration with geoscientist Orrin H. Pilkey has yielded numerous traveling exhibitions and two acclaimed texts, ‘Global Climate Change: A Primer’ (Duke University Press) and ‘A Celebration of the World’s Barrier Islands’ (Columbia University Press).

NASA recognized Fraser as their Artist of the Year in 1995 and she was featured demonstrating batik in DC at the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. As artist in residence at Sperry Chalet in Glacier National Park in 2015, her oil paintings became prominent in her repertoire. The Verner Award was presented in 2016, South Carolina’s highest honor for an artist.

Saturday, September 9, 2023

Ken Done's Poster Art
Prints on Paper

Marie-Therese Wisniowski

Introduction
Ken Done is a prolific Australian artist of distinction. Ken Done's artwork is autographical and so is distinctly Australian in context and by design. The images he creates reflect his lifetime of living on the NSW coast. He grew up in Maclean, 640 kilometers north of Sydney. He then moved to Mosman, on the north-east fringe of Sydney Harbour. His studio is a weatherboard shack at the edge of the beach and so the harbour is a source of many of his inspired artworks.

'My idea of what the studio is, is not quite reality. It's what I want reality to be. Painting those pictures is a way of experiencing that ideal world. They give me pleasure because they keep recalling that ideal experience.'


Ken Done's Poster Art

Sydney (1980)
Title (Year): Sydney (1980).

Helmet Shell (1979)
Title (Year): Helmet Shell (1979).
Size: 28 x 18 cm.
Comment [1]: Pencil drawing for limited edition poster.
Courtesy: Collection of the artist.

Basket of Shells (1979)
Title (Year): Basket of Shells (1979).
Size: 23 x 23 cm.
Comment [1]: Pencil drawing for limited edition poster.
Courtesy: Collection of the artist.

The Boat in Winter (1985)
Title (Year): The Boat in Winter (1985).
Size: 58 x 78 cm.
Comment [1]: Oil crayon drawing for poster.
Courtesy: Collection of Edward Dunlop and B.J. Ball (Sydney).

Sydney by Night (1984)
Title (Year): Sydney by Night (1984).
Size: 69 x 49 cm.
Comment [1]: Poster.
Courtesy: Art Directors Gallery (Sydney).

Sydney (1982)
Title (Year): Sydney (1982).
Size: 77 x 52 cm.
Comment [1]: Poster.
Courtesy: Art Directors Gallery (Sydney).

Brisbane (1982)
Title (Year): Brisbane (1982).
Comment [1]: Poster.
Courtesy: Art Directors Gallery (Sydney).

Canberra (1982)
Title (Year): Canberra (1982).
Comment [1]: Poster.
Courtesy: Art Directors Gallery (Sydney).

Perth (1982)
Title (Year): Perth (1982).
Comment [1]: Poster.
Courtesy: Art Directors Gallery (Sydney).

Adelaide (1982)
Title (Year): Adelaide (1982).
Comment [1]: Poster.
Courtesy: Art Directors Gallery (Sydney).


Reference:
[1] K. Done, Paintings, Drawings, Posters and Prints, Craftsman House, Seaforth, NSW (1986).

Saturday, September 2, 2023

Classification of Pigments - Part I [1]
Art Resource

Marie-Therese Wisniowski

Preamble
This is the twenty-fifth post in a new Art Resource series that specifically focuses on techniques used in creating artworks. For your convenience I have listed all the posts in this new series below:
Drawing Art
Painting Art - Part I
Painting Art - Part II
Painting Art - Part III
Painting Art - Part IV
Painting Art - Part V
Painting Art - Part VI
Home-Made Painting Art Materials
Quality in Ready-Made Artists' Supplies - Part I
Quality in Ready-Made Artists' Supplies - Part II
Quality in Ready-Made Artists' Supplies - Part III
Historical Notes on Art - Part I
Historical Notes on Art - Part II
Historical Notes on Art - Part III
Historical Notes on Art - Part IV
Historical Notes on Art - Part V
Tempera Painting
Oil Painting - Part I
Oil Painting - Part II
Oil Painting - Part III
Oil Painting - Part IV
Oil Painting - Part V
Oil Painting - Part VI
Pigments
Classification of Pigments - Part I
Classification of Pigments - Part II
Classification of Pigments - Part III
Pigments for Oil Painting
Pigments for Water Color
Pigments for Tempera Painting
Pigments for Pastel
Japanese Pigments

There have been another one hundred and thirteen posts in a previous Art Resource series that have focused on the following topics:
(i) Units used in dyeing and printing of fabrics;
(ii) Occupational, health & safety issues in an art studio;
(iii) Color theories and color schemes;
(iv) Optical properties of fiber materials;
(v) General properties of fiber polymers and fibers - Part I to Part V;
(vi) Protein fibers;
(vii) Natural and man-made cellulosic fibers;
(viii) Fiber blends and melt spun fibers;
(ix) Fabric construction;
(x) Techniques and woven fibers;
(xi) Basic and figured weaves;
(xii) Pile, woven and knot pile fabrics;
(xiii) Durable press and wash-and-wear finishes;
(xvi) Classification of dyes and dye blends;
(xv) The general theory of printing.

To access any of the above resources, please click on the following link - Units Used in Dyeing and Printing of Fabrics. This link will highlight all of the one hundred and thirteen posts in the previous a are eight data bases on this blogspot, namely, the Glossary of Cultural and Architectural Terms, Timelines of Fabrics, Dyes and Other Stuff, A Fashion Data Base, the Glossary of Colors, Dyes, Inks, Pigments and Resins, the Glossary of Fabrics, Fibers, Finishes, Garments and Yarns, Glossary of Art, Artists, Art Motifs and Art Movements, Glossary of Paper, Photography, Printing, Prints and Publication Terms and the Glossary of Scientific Terms. All data bases in the future will be updated from time-to-time.

If you find any post on this blog site useful, you can save it or copy and paste it into your own "Word" document for your future reference. For example, Safari allows you to save a post (e.g. click on "File", click on "Print" and release, click on "PDF" and then click on "Save As" and release - and a PDF should appear where you have stored it). Safari also allows you to mail a post to a friend (click on "File", and then point cursor to "Mail Contents On This Page" and release). Either way, this or other posts on this site may be a useful Art Resource for you.

The new Art Resource series will be the first post in each calendar month. Remember - these Art Resource posts span information that will be useful for a home hobbyist to that required by a final year University Fine-Art student and so undoubtedly, some parts of any Art Resource post may appear far too technical for your needs (skip those mind boggling parts) and in other parts, it may be too simplistic with respect to your level of knowledge (ditto the skip). The trade-off between these two extremes will mean that Art Resource posts will be hopefully useful in parts to most, but unfortunately may not be satisfying to all!


Classification of Pigments - Part I [1]
Pigments may be classified according to color, use, permanence, etc. It is customary, however to classify them according to origin as follows:

A. Inorganic (Mineral).
1. Native earths: ochre, raw umber etc.
Australian Ochre
Australian Ochre.

2. Calcined native earths: burnt umber, burnt sienna, etc.

Burnt Umber
Burnt Umber.

3. Synthetic organic pigments.

Blue Ochre Vivianite Pigment Australia Premium
Blue Ochre Vivianite Pigment Australia Premium.

B. Organic
1. Vegetable: gamboge, indigo, madder etc.

Australian Indigo
Indigofera australis – Australian Indigo.
Photo courtesy: Australian Plant Society.

2. Animal: cochineal, Indian yellow, etc.

Cochineal Bugs - Ground - Natural
Cochineal Bugs - Ground - Natural.

3. Synthetic organic pigments.

An array of synthetic pigments
An array of synthetic pigments.


General Characteristics of these Groups
Artificial mineral colors made with the aid of strong heat generally have the greatest permanence for all applications, while those requiring delicate or vey accurately balanced processing are less so. The artificial counterparts of the red and yellow earths are more brilliant, and if well prepared, superior in all other respects to the native product.

A synthetic gem material
A synthetic gem material (see above) is one that is made in a laboratory, but which shares virtually all chemical, optical, and physical characteristics of its natural mineral counterpart, though in some cases, namely synthetic turquoise and synthetic opal, additional compounds can be present.

In general, pigments derived from natural sources are less permanent than the average synthetic color. The synthetic organic pigments are characterized by a great brilliance and intensity. Some of them are remarkably permanent, but many others, particular the older ones, are fugitive and have the defect of bleeding in oils. Many require the addition of inert bases during manufacture.

Natural ultramarina pigment
Natural ultramarine pigment.

Synthetic ultramarine pigment
Synthetic ultramarine pigment.

The native earths used as pigments occur all over the world, but there is always some special locality where each is found in superlative form or where conditions have been established, which permit it being purified to a greater or more uniform extent than is economically possible elsewhere. Substitutes for French ocre, Italian sienna, etc., are offered for reasons other than the purpose of supplying the best available product.

Variation in color between subsitutes and natural pigments
Variation in color between substitutes and natural pigments.

Native Earths


The natural impurities in some red earths are of such a character as to be harmful; therefore the artificial red oxides are preferred to them. The impurities or non-coloring constituents of the highest grades of ochre and the other permanent earth colors seldom present the same disadvantage.

Red Earths


There is some doubt as to the antiquity of the practice of refining, calcining, or otherwise treating native earth pigments under the name of artificial or manufactured cinnabar. Theophraste has described the purification and improvements of a fine variety of native red iron oxide and noted that it was a recent innovation in his era, namely being only 90 years old (i.e., fourth century BC.)

Pigments


All the more complete records of the Roman times show that the procedures of calcination and levigation of the native earths was a common practice. The identification of pigments found in ancient relics is not particularly difficult for the experienced technician and many studies have been made of them.


Reference:
[1] The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques, R. Mayer (ed. E. Smith) 4th Edition, Faber and Faber, London (1981).