Preamble
This is the sixth post in a new Art Resource series that specifically focuses on techniques used in creating artworks. For your convenience I have listed all the posts in this new series below:
Drawing Art
Painting Art - Part I
Painting Art - Part II
Painting Art - Part III
Painting Art - Part IV
Painting Art - Part V
Painting Art - Part VI
Home-Made Painting Art Materials
Quality in Ready-Made Artists' Supplies - Part I
Quality in Ready-Made Artists' Supplies - Part II
Quality in Ready-Made Artists' Supplies - Part III
Historical Notes on Art - Part I
Historical Notes on Art - Part II
Historical Notes on Art - Part III
Historical Notes on Art - Part IV
Historical Notes on Art - Part V
Tempera Painting
Oil Painting - Part I
Oil Painting - Part II
Oil Painting - Part III
Oil Painting - Part IV
Oil Painting - Part V
Oil Painting - Part VI
Pigments
Classification of Pigments - Part I
Classification of Pigments - Part II
Classification of Pigments - Part III
Pigments for Oil Painting
Pigments for Water Color
Pigments for Tempera Painting
Pigments for Pastel
Japanese Pigments
Pigments for Fresco Painting - Part I
Pigments for Fresco Painting - Part II
Selected Fresco Palette for Permanent Frescoes
Properties of Pigments in Common Use
Blue Pigments - Part I
Blue Pigments - Part II
Blue Pigments - Part III
There have been one hundred and thirteen posts in a previous Art Resource series that focused on the following topics:
(i) Units used in dyeing and printing of fabrics.
(ii) Occupational, health & safety issues in an art studio.
(iii) Color theories and color schemes.
(iv) Optical properties of fiber materials.
(v) General properties of fiber polymers and fibers - Part I to Part V.
(vi) Protein fibers.
(vii) Natural and man-made cellulosic fibers.
(viii) Fiber blends and melt spun fibers.
(ix) Fabric construction.
(x) Techniques and woven fibers.
(xi) Basic and figured weaves.
(xii) Pile, woven and knot pile fabrics.
(xiii) Napped fabrics, double cloth and multicomponent fabrics.
(xiv) Fabric finishes.
(xv) Schrinkage, durable press and wash-wear finishes.
(xvi) Classification of dyes and dye blends.
(xvii) The general theory of printing.
To access any of the above resources click on the following link - Units Used in Dyeing and Printing of Fabrics. This link highlights the one hundred and thirteen posts in the previous Art Resource series.
There are eight data bases on this blogspot, namely: (1) the Glossary of Cultural and Architectural Terms; (2) Timelines of Fabrics, Dyes and Other Stuff; (3) A Fashion Data Base; (4) the Glossary of Colors, Dyes, Inks, Pigments and Resins; (5) the Glossary of Fabrics, Fibers, Finishes, Garments and Yarns; (6) Glossary of Art, Artists, Art Motifs and Art Movements; (7) Glossary of Paper, Photography, Printing, Prints and Publication Terms; (8) Glossary of Scientific Terms.
Note: From time-to-time all the above data bases will be updated.
If you find any post on this blog site useful, you can save it or copy and paste it into your own "Word" document for your future reference. For example, Safari allows you to save a post (e.g., click on "File", click on "Print" and release, click on "PDF" and then click on "Save As" and release - and a PDF should appear where you have stored it). Safari also allows you to mail a post to a friend (e.g., click on "File", and then point cursor to "Mail Contents On This Page" and release). Either way, this or any of the other posts on this site may be a useful Art Resource for you.
The new Art Resource series will be the first post in each calendar month. Remember, these Art Resource posts span information that will be useful for a home hobbyist to that required by a final year University Fine-Art student. Undoubtedly, some parts of any Art Resource post may appear far too technical for your needs (skip those mind boggling parts) and whilst other parts may be too simplistic with respect to your level of knowledge (ditto the skip). Hopefully, the trade-off between these two extremes will mean that the Art Resource posts will be useful in parts to most, but unfortunately, may not be satisfying to all!
Painting Art - Part V[1]
(i) Balanced Formulas
In the formulation of a liquid paint in the establishment of a painting technique, there is another fundamental consideration which may be called the "balance of solubility." A certain balance or relation must be maintained between the resistance of the coating, the solvent action of subsequent brush strokes, and the solvent or dispersing power of the liquid used. For instance, the gum binder of water color is completely soluble in water, yet dry paint is sufficiently resistant so that it is possible to apply subsequent brush strokes without it; on the other hand, the paint is so reistant that it cannot be softened or run into when the painter so desires.
The wet paint itself may be instantly diluted or thinned with its normal solvent, water. A poorly-made water color paint, or one which could be called unbalanced in this respect, might be picked up and completely removed at the touch of a wet brush or it might be too dry and too resistant to water to be worked into when desired. The best water color paints are perfectly balanced and adjusted to the normal water color techniques.
In the oil painting technique, the turpentine or mineral spirit has sufficient solvent action to function as a thinner for the wet paint and also to dissolve the freshly applied or recently dried coating if scrubbed into it, yet a freshly dried surface will not pick up, spread or dissolve away if over painted in the correct manner.
Oil paint can be freely mixed and blended if desired. It can be made to set quickly enough to withstand solvent action of further strokes without running in with them, or it can be made to remain plastic long enough for most normal working procedures. If a glaze or overpainting contains acetone, or some other powerful solvent, the underpainting might be pick up or it might spread.
For you techincal enthusiasts, a schematic indication of physicochemical processes that occur simultaneously during cleaning operations, is altogether defined as solvent action. After and during the dissolution of varnish (orange), the paint matrix (yellow) expands in size (shaded yellow) due to the uptake of solvent (blue). The relative thickness of the layers indicated does not represent the actual thickness. The (b) to (e) schematics are examples of possible structure in the polymeric binding medium in oil paint.
(b) Aged ionomeric binding medium with metal carboxylates and high degree of cross-linking;
(c) Cracked ionomeric binding medium with metal carboxylates and high degree of cross-linking (shown crack diameters are not to scale);
(d) Ionomeric binding medium with metal carboxylates and low degree of cross-linking;
(e) Highly oxidized binding medium with intermediate degree of cross-linking and a high concentration of free carboxylic acid groups.
To artists, one of the principal disadvantages of many of the modern lacquers and synthetic resins in painting is they are insoluble in all, but the most powerfully solvent and highly volatile liquids, thus creating obstacles to controlled manipulations.
Some of our traditional techniques are less flexible and their manipulations do not involve the same degree of solubility of recently applied color - for example, fresco and egg tempera, in which the brush strokes if correctly applied are not altered by overpainting and where such effects as gradations of color, tone or shade are normally achieved by hatching or by applying separate strokes.
Other techniques demand various degrees of solubility in their materials, and the standards for paint formulas and ingredients, brushes, grounds, and manipulations used in each vary widely according to its requirements. The fulfillment of all such requirements demands a balance and a proportion in the formulation or design and correct compounding of ingradients.
Mona Lisa is the most famous painting in the world. Implied texture is what we see in this painting – this means the way an object looks as if it would feel, if you could touch it. Da Vinci did not create actual texture by building up paint. It is a visual texture that is evident in the painting.
(ii) Color Stability
One of the prime requirements of a permanent painting technique for artists' use is color stability - the ability of a final dry paint coating to retain its original color effect and the relationship between its colors without any fading, darkening, or change in hue. From the earliest days of painting as a highly developed craft, this matter has been one of the major concerns of painters; it is of fundamental importance in the practice of creative art.
Boston art restoration.
Reference:
[1] The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques, R. Mayer, (ed. E. Smith) 4th Edition, Faber and Faber, London (1981).
This is the sixth post in a new Art Resource series that specifically focuses on techniques used in creating artworks. For your convenience I have listed all the posts in this new series below:
Drawing Art
Painting Art - Part I
Painting Art - Part II
Painting Art - Part III
Painting Art - Part IV
Painting Art - Part V
Painting Art - Part VI
Home-Made Painting Art Materials
Quality in Ready-Made Artists' Supplies - Part I
Quality in Ready-Made Artists' Supplies - Part II
Quality in Ready-Made Artists' Supplies - Part III
Historical Notes on Art - Part I
Historical Notes on Art - Part II
Historical Notes on Art - Part III
Historical Notes on Art - Part IV
Historical Notes on Art - Part V
Tempera Painting
Oil Painting - Part I
Oil Painting - Part II
Oil Painting - Part III
Oil Painting - Part IV
Oil Painting - Part V
Oil Painting - Part VI
Pigments
Classification of Pigments - Part I
Classification of Pigments - Part II
Classification of Pigments - Part III
Pigments for Oil Painting
Pigments for Water Color
Pigments for Tempera Painting
Pigments for Pastel
Japanese Pigments
Pigments for Fresco Painting - Part I
Pigments for Fresco Painting - Part II
Selected Fresco Palette for Permanent Frescoes
Properties of Pigments in Common Use
Blue Pigments - Part I
Blue Pigments - Part II
Blue Pigments - Part III
There have been one hundred and thirteen posts in a previous Art Resource series that focused on the following topics:
(i) Units used in dyeing and printing of fabrics.
(ii) Occupational, health & safety issues in an art studio.
(iii) Color theories and color schemes.
(iv) Optical properties of fiber materials.
(v) General properties of fiber polymers and fibers - Part I to Part V.
(vi) Protein fibers.
(vii) Natural and man-made cellulosic fibers.
(viii) Fiber blends and melt spun fibers.
(ix) Fabric construction.
(x) Techniques and woven fibers.
(xi) Basic and figured weaves.
(xii) Pile, woven and knot pile fabrics.
(xiii) Napped fabrics, double cloth and multicomponent fabrics.
(xiv) Fabric finishes.
(xv) Schrinkage, durable press and wash-wear finishes.
(xvi) Classification of dyes and dye blends.
(xvii) The general theory of printing.
To access any of the above resources click on the following link - Units Used in Dyeing and Printing of Fabrics. This link highlights the one hundred and thirteen posts in the previous Art Resource series.
There are eight data bases on this blogspot, namely: (1) the Glossary of Cultural and Architectural Terms; (2) Timelines of Fabrics, Dyes and Other Stuff; (3) A Fashion Data Base; (4) the Glossary of Colors, Dyes, Inks, Pigments and Resins; (5) the Glossary of Fabrics, Fibers, Finishes, Garments and Yarns; (6) Glossary of Art, Artists, Art Motifs and Art Movements; (7) Glossary of Paper, Photography, Printing, Prints and Publication Terms; (8) Glossary of Scientific Terms.
Note: From time-to-time all the above data bases will be updated.
If you find any post on this blog site useful, you can save it or copy and paste it into your own "Word" document for your future reference. For example, Safari allows you to save a post (e.g., click on "File", click on "Print" and release, click on "PDF" and then click on "Save As" and release - and a PDF should appear where you have stored it). Safari also allows you to mail a post to a friend (e.g., click on "File", and then point cursor to "Mail Contents On This Page" and release). Either way, this or any of the other posts on this site may be a useful Art Resource for you.
The new Art Resource series will be the first post in each calendar month. Remember, these Art Resource posts span information that will be useful for a home hobbyist to that required by a final year University Fine-Art student. Undoubtedly, some parts of any Art Resource post may appear far too technical for your needs (skip those mind boggling parts) and whilst other parts may be too simplistic with respect to your level of knowledge (ditto the skip). Hopefully, the trade-off between these two extremes will mean that the Art Resource posts will be useful in parts to most, but unfortunately, may not be satisfying to all!
Painting Art - Part V[1]
(i) Balanced Formulas
In the formulation of a liquid paint in the establishment of a painting technique, there is another fundamental consideration which may be called the "balance of solubility." A certain balance or relation must be maintained between the resistance of the coating, the solvent action of subsequent brush strokes, and the solvent or dispersing power of the liquid used. For instance, the gum binder of water color is completely soluble in water, yet dry paint is sufficiently resistant so that it is possible to apply subsequent brush strokes without it; on the other hand, the paint is so reistant that it cannot be softened or run into when the painter so desires.
The wet paint itself may be instantly diluted or thinned with its normal solvent, water. A poorly-made water color paint, or one which could be called unbalanced in this respect, might be picked up and completely removed at the touch of a wet brush or it might be too dry and too resistant to water to be worked into when desired. The best water color paints are perfectly balanced and adjusted to the normal water color techniques.
In the oil painting technique, the turpentine or mineral spirit has sufficient solvent action to function as a thinner for the wet paint and also to dissolve the freshly applied or recently dried coating if scrubbed into it, yet a freshly dried surface will not pick up, spread or dissolve away if over painted in the correct manner.
Oil paint can be freely mixed and blended if desired. It can be made to set quickly enough to withstand solvent action of further strokes without running in with them, or it can be made to remain plastic long enough for most normal working procedures. If a glaze or overpainting contains acetone, or some other powerful solvent, the underpainting might be pick up or it might spread.
For you techincal enthusiasts, a schematic indication of physicochemical processes that occur simultaneously during cleaning operations, is altogether defined as solvent action. After and during the dissolution of varnish (orange), the paint matrix (yellow) expands in size (shaded yellow) due to the uptake of solvent (blue). The relative thickness of the layers indicated does not represent the actual thickness. The (b) to (e) schematics are examples of possible structure in the polymeric binding medium in oil paint.
(b) Aged ionomeric binding medium with metal carboxylates and high degree of cross-linking;
(c) Cracked ionomeric binding medium with metal carboxylates and high degree of cross-linking (shown crack diameters are not to scale);
(d) Ionomeric binding medium with metal carboxylates and low degree of cross-linking;
(e) Highly oxidized binding medium with intermediate degree of cross-linking and a high concentration of free carboxylic acid groups.
To artists, one of the principal disadvantages of many of the modern lacquers and synthetic resins in painting is they are insoluble in all, but the most powerfully solvent and highly volatile liquids, thus creating obstacles to controlled manipulations.
Some of our traditional techniques are less flexible and their manipulations do not involve the same degree of solubility of recently applied color - for example, fresco and egg tempera, in which the brush strokes if correctly applied are not altered by overpainting and where such effects as gradations of color, tone or shade are normally achieved by hatching or by applying separate strokes.
Other techniques demand various degrees of solubility in their materials, and the standards for paint formulas and ingredients, brushes, grounds, and manipulations used in each vary widely according to its requirements. The fulfillment of all such requirements demands a balance and a proportion in the formulation or design and correct compounding of ingradients.
(ii) Color Stability
One of the prime requirements of a permanent painting technique for artists' use is color stability - the ability of a final dry paint coating to retain its original color effect and the relationship between its colors without any fading, darkening, or change in hue. From the earliest days of painting as a highly developed craft, this matter has been one of the major concerns of painters; it is of fundamental importance in the practice of creative art.
Reference:
[1] The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques, R. Mayer, (ed. E. Smith) 4th Edition, Faber and Faber, London (1981).
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