Saturday, December 20, 2025

The Price of Art in Australia [1]
Art Essay

Marie-Therese Wisniowski

Preamble
This year has been devastating in so many different ways. Wars flaring up, and because of it, the killing of tens of thousands of innocent children, women and men across the globe. Fires in California (USA), destroying so many properties as well as human lives. Fires and floods are not just stories about destruction of property and killing of human lives, they are a testament of nature's might, human perseverance, and the vulnerable balance between living beings and the environment in which we live. As the human populaton spirals out of control, deforestation, human caused pollutants, all contibute to climate change.

No one expected a terrorist attack at Bondi beach in December of this year, where the Australian Jewish community were targeted. Mass shootings in America and elsewhere are a common event. The last mass shooting in Australia was in Port Arthur, Tasmania (Australia) in 1996. Australian gun laws since then were obviously not strong enough to prevent this heinous crime. There were numerous heroes in the recent massacre, but the one who stood out was 43 year-old Ahmed al Ahmed, who took down one gunman at great risk to himself, disarmed him and then suffered two bullet wounds from the other gunman because of his heroic act. None of us can imagine the grief that Australian Jewish families are currently suffering. A day of joy turned into a nightmare of grief. We are praying for their physical and psychological well being. Please, do not feel alone in your grief - a nation is now grieving with you, because of your loss.

Yet, among all these disasters and tragedies, one is always struck by the generosity that Australians show towards one another, especially in their hour of need. Beds and shelters are provided, or food is delivered, or help is given to clear the debris from the neighbor's property that the natural forces of nature have destroyed. Such stories of community solidarity in terms of nature and/or man-made disasters are also evident in so many countries around the world.

Of the seven continents, Australia is the smallest at 2,969,976 square miles (i.e., 7,692,202 square kilometers). However, if one considers it an island (which it is), Australia is the largest island in the world. It is not surprising that in one region, Australians are fighting fires, whereas in another, they are experiencing floods. For example, in 2019 thousands of people in different parts of Australia were affected by natural disasters. In that year in Townsville, Queensland, around AUS $80 million dollars’ worth of damage was caused by record floods, whilst in Tasmania, another Australian State, bushfires destroyed homes.

Nevertheless, Australians still see themselves as living in 'The Lucky Country.' The latter was a title of a 1964 book by Donald Horne. The title has become a nickname for Australia and is generally used in a favorable context, although the origin of the phrase was negative in the context of Horne's novel. It has been used in reference to Australia's natural resources, weather, history, its early adoption on the British system of government, its geographical distance from problems elsewhere in the world, and its natural resources that underwrite its prosperity (e.g., from farm produce to coal to natural gas to solar energy to wind farms, within a vast area of land that is enjoyed by a relatively small population of 26.65 million people). Moreover, Australia has a unique flora and fauna that is distinctively recognized throughout the world as Australian. No wonder tourists from around the globe flock here to holiday, international students want to study here, and refugees want to make Australia their home. There are varying estimates for how long Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples have lived on this continent. The current best research estimate suggests that they have been in Australia for upwards of 60,000 years, the longest continuous surviving culture in the world. The way the aboriginal ancients managed the land, is a history lesson for all Australians to learn. Once again, the indigenous population suffered because of the late invaders - a story of native "cleansing" that is duplcated on every continent in the world.

No matter what your belief system, I wish you a happy and joyous festive season.
Marie-Therese.

Australia's Little Helper
Santa's little Australian helper.
Photo Courtesy: Etsy.

Note: The next post will appear on the 10th of January 2026.


The Price of Art in Australia [1]
Introduction
In Australia, there are very few artists who make an unsubsidized living from their artwork. In fact, the Australia Council for the Arts in 2010 released a series of statistics in a study entitled - “Health Check for Careers of Australian Artists” - that painted a discouraging picture of the earnings of artists in Australia. According to their findings, based on data gathered from 44,000 respondents, that full-time, and what's more, successful Australian artists continue to struggle financially. The latter is a small full-time artist group that earned a median income of just Australian Dollars (AUD)$35,900 a year, which included art and non-art related income, whereas the average Australian male income in the same year was AUD$62,155. Further discouraging statistics revealed: (i) 16% of artists earned less than AUD$10,000 per year; (ii) Only 5% earned more than AUD$100,000 per year (ca. 220 artists - ranging from sculptors, painters, mixed-media, and performance artists in an Australian population of more than 23 million); (iii) Slightly more than 50%, who lived with a partner, revealed that their spouse's income is vital to supporting their artistic practice; (iv) While income levels of other professional occupations requiring similar lengths of training (2-4 years) and experience (university or college qualifications) have been steadily rising, the ongoing disparity between the incomes of artists and other professionals is becoming more and more pronounced.

Browyn Oliver's Tide
Title: Tide (2000).
Artist: Bronwyn Oliver.
Material and Size: Copper, 400 cm.
Photo Courtesy: Smith & Singer.

Bronwyn Oliver's 'Tide' (2000) was put up for auction by the Fink family who commissioned it for their high-end Sydney restaurant, Quay. It sold for AUD$1.25 million dollars, far more than the artist's commission.

In Australia, these statistics would even be poorer in the case of textile artists, where the medium itself is barely recognized as being an art form and moreover, is often confused as craft and not art based, even though art quilts have been recognized in North America, in Asia and in Europe as legitimate form of art.

Honstain’s quilt
Title: The Reconciliation Quilt (1867).
Artist: Lucinda Ward Honstain.
Technique and Media: Hand appliquéd; hand pieced; embroidered; straight applied binding on cotton calico.
Size: 85 in wide x 97 in high.
Photo Courtesy: International Quilt Museum, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, USA.

Honstain’s quilt expresses the social and political identity of Brooklyn in 1867. Specific images refer to the Civil War: a powerful image of a black man facing a white man half his size proclaims: “Master, I am Free.” Another reads: “Jeff Davis and Daughter,” referring to the legendary reunion of Jefferson Davis, the President of the Confederate States, and his daughter after his imprisonment. These images represent hope for the reconciliation of the Northern and Southern States after the American Civil war. It sold for US$254,000 in 1991, the equivalent of approximately US$494,000 in 2024 dollars.

What further compounds the situation in Australia (as distinct from Europe, developed Asia and North America) is that there is next-to-no art market in Australia between the AUD$500 to AUD$50,000 range. Investors, museums and art galleries dominate the over AUD$50,000 mark, and furthermore in Australia they are few in number. Unlike Americans, most Australians do not have artwork on their walls. Their favourite, so called decoration on their walls, are framed photographs of their children, and their family life etc. Occassionally they will grace their rooms with cheap posters.

Vintage Tin Sign
Comment: Vintage Tin Sign: Sydney Cityscape - 20.32 cm, Iron Material, Home Garden Bar Farm Office Wall Decoration. Available for AUD$6.99.

Many public galleries and museums rely on donated artworks to enhance their collections rather than becoming a player in the art market, which further diminishes the earning ability of artists. A former curator of the National Gallery of Victoria welcomed a AUD$100m donation from the Fox family to help fund the construction of its new contemporary art space, saying philanthropy is needed to make up for a shortfall in public funding.

National Gallery of Victoria
Comment: The design for the National Gallery of Victoria’s new contemporary space. Billionaire Lindsay Fox and and his wife Paula donated AUD$100m to the project.
Photo Courtesy: Render by Secchi/Angelo Candalepas and Associates.

What makes Australians so art averse, even though all Australian school children participate in art making? Australians will buy mass-marketed fine-art prints at fairs/markets (AUD$10 to AUD$30 range) or perhaps a signed football jersey mounted in a picture frame to be hung on a wall (AUD$400 to AUD$500 range). But to buy an ArtCloth work mounted in a frame or one that is freely hanging on a wall that is priced between AUD$500 to AUD$50,000 would be deemed to be financially irresponsible!

General Observations
The greatest hurdle even for professional fine-artists is to find a place to exhibit their artwork. Where and when you show your artwork will occupy your mind endlessly. The commercial galleries have a full roster of artists; the public galleries and museums do not want to take risks and so rely on their collections, and on artists, who have a current high standing amongst the artistic glitterati. There are too few co-operative and juried shows - most of the latter demanding thematic work which might not suit a person's art style or even their mindset. There are far too few art associations, and those that exist, are riddled with politics as artists jostle for position to secure recognition. There are not enough grants, residencies, art competitions and awards, and art patrons (and even fewer for the emerging artists). There are too few journals, magazines, newspapers, radio and television programs that will project an artist's art and art practice to their readership/audience/viewership. All this marketing, legal and managerial effort, needs to be mounted by the same person who needs to be calmly thinking about marketing their art, whilst creating their own art!

Julie Gutman
Comment: A young Sydney-based artist, Julia Gutman, won the 2023 prestigious Archibald Prize, 'Life in the Third Person.' It was Gutman's largest and most intricate work to date.

Life in Third Person
Title: Life in the Third Person (2024) detail.
Artist: Julia Gutman.
Material and Technique: Woven textile.
Size: 12.62 x 3.3 m (installed).
Courtesy: Artist and Sullivan + Strumpf.
Photo: Rift Photography.

In 1550 Giorgio Vasari (Italian painter) wrote: 'If the arts of our own time were justly rewarded, they would produce even greater works of art than those of the ancient world. Instead, the artist struggles to ward off famine rather than to win fame, and this crushes and buries his/her talent and obscures their name. This is a shame and disgrace to those who could come to the artists help, but refuse to do so.'

Giorgio Vasari
Giorgio Vasari - Self Portrait.

Clearly, his is the narrative of the birth of the image of the poor, but struggling artist, who is not understood and in fact shunned in their lifetime, but who raises to fame, and makes others wealthy, after their death!

It is clear that the internet has made exposure of one’s artwork much easier. Blogs, Pinterest, FaceBook, art websites etc., can create national and international exposure of one’s artwork - 24x7! Moreover, connected to Etsy or ebay, one’s artwork can be sold nationally or internationally. On the other hand, entrepreneurial artists have made money on the web by constructing projects (e.g., on-line workshops, master classes) and by selling their designs, products, artwear and by blogging about their art (e.g., Alisa Burke). Their websites may also contain paid advertisements. Normally they have followers in their thousands that makes advertising on their website an attractive side business.

alisa Burke
Alisa Burke.
Photo Courtesy: Alisa Burke - Redefine Creativity website.

Care and advice should always be sought when selling on the web, since where ever and whenever there is a potential to make money, there are fraudsters ready to cash in! I never forget my first encounter with a fraudster. A so-called respectable mainland Chinese organization gained approval from a respected Australian organization to exhibit their members fine-art prints in reputed Chinese galleries. I was dubious, but nevertheless felt compelled to support this Chinese-Australian venture, and so sent a digital limited-edition print to the organisers. Lo and behold, many Australian artists like me, sent their limited edition fine-art prints. None were ever exhibited and sadly, not seen again! Luckily my print, being a digital print, meant I still had retained my image. Somewhere in China, Australian prints were being sold by that fraudster. I hope whoever bought my print from that Chinese thief, continues to enjoy their engagement of it!

Discrimination III Ngurudu Anomaly
Comment: The stolen print: 'Discrimination III - Ngurudu Anomaly' (2005).
Materials and Technique: Digital print employing archival pigment inks, metallic and opaque acrylic paints.
Size: 29 cm (width) x 76.5 cm (height).

In Australia, and in most developed countries, there are numerous organizations, associations, guilds and cooperatives that one can join – some of which provide for its members equipment and/or workshops in order to improve their technical skills. There are residencies, grants, fellowships and awards that can promote your reputation as a textile artist or as a printmaker. There are art companies, and member organizations that may hire you to teach your technical skills to others. Searching for these categories on the internet can be tedious, at the best of times. Nevertheless, it is an important chore that you should do. After all, if your art is not engaged by an onlooker, it becomes invisible, and so you might as well bury it!

Newcastle Pirntmakers Workshop
Comment: Partial view of the facilities available at the Newcastle Pirntmakers Workshop (Australia).
Photo Courtesy: Newcastle Printmakers Workshop.

Below I have listed some of these categories that exist in Australia. If you live elsewhere, then it is these categories you should list and explore if they are present in your local environment.

Just to mention a few organizations, there are: Australian Textile Arts & Surface Design Association (ATASDA), Embroidery Guilds, Australian Lace Guilds, Australian Sewing Guilds, Ozquilt Network Inc., Feltmakers Inc., Knitters Guilds, the Society of Folk and Decorative Artists, Decoupage Guilds, Hand Weavers and Spinners Guilds, and a variety of localized organizations. There are a variety of councils: Australian Council for the Arts, Print Council of Australia, National Association of the Visual Arts (NAVA) and a large raft of printmakers organizations that have facilities which are available to their members (e.g. Megalo Print Studio & Gallery, Newcastle Printmakers Workshop etc.) and some of which provide workshops to improve the technical skills of their members. There are a vast array of art and craft magazines published by ArtWear Publications, Pacific Publishing, and Practical Publishing as well as newsletters published by guilds, organizations, co-operative and associations (e.g., ATASDA’s Fibreline). There are a number of awards: Australian Craft Industry Awards; Australian Craft Awards; Emerging Artist Craft Awards; Wearable Art Awards; Fremantle Print Awards. There are residencies and fellowships: Australian Tapestry Workshop; Craft ACT; Megalo Print Studio & Gallery etc. Some organizations hire tutors to teach workshops (e.g., ATASDA, Community Art groups such as the Victorian Feltmakers, Newcastle Printmakers Workshop, Eurobodalla Fibre and Textile Artists Group and Umbrella Studio Contemporary Arts (Townsville, Queensland etc.)

Sequestration
Click on the following link of my exhibition article on the Print Council of Australia's website: The Effects of Global Warming (Exhibition).

The Print Council of Australia (PCA) is a national not-for-profit member organization that promotes contemporary fine-art printmaking, including artist books, zines and works on paper. They publish 'Imprint', a quarterly art magazine dedicated to contemporary printmaking in Australia and beyond.

Showcasing the best in contemporary printmaking, the PCA Gallery has a changing exhibition program featuring new works by Australian printmaking practitioners.

Comment: The Print Council of Australia Gallery is located at Studio 2 Guild, 152 Sturt St., Southbank, Victoria. PCA Gallery Hours: Tuesday – Friday (10am – 4pm).
Photo Courtesy: Print Council of Australia.

As your reputation and art matures, it is important to be represented by commercial galleries and art companies. In my case I started my own art/publishing house, namely, Art Quill & Co Pty Ltd – that represents mine and other’s art interest. It also publishes this blog.

If you are not sure what to do in order to exhibit your art, you may need to go to similar associations in your neighborhood, such as the Australian Commercial Gallery Association (ACGA) in order seek out galleries that will represent you. You need to get legal advice before signing any contractual relationship, since there are gallery owners who serve their own “best” interest first and foremost rather than create a “fair” trading environment for both themselves and for their artists.

Beware of buying walls to exhibit your art (either in group or solo exhibitions in private galleries) since some contracts we have scrutinized load near invisible costs onto the shoulders of the artists – from food and drinks at the opening of the exhibition, to shipping artwork to and from the gallery, to advertising the exhibition etc.

In one case that I'm aware of, an obscure clause in the contract would have rendered the artist's work hostage to offset any unpaid near invisible costs and in another case, by exhibiting the work at the commercial gallery, the gallery became ipso de facto a representative for the artist's work that was exhibited within the gallery, with the gallery securing a whopping 50% of the retail price as well as loading the full Goods and Services Tax (10%) impost of the retail price onto the wallet of the artist. If a gallery already represents the artist then the latter contract could place the artist (not the gallery) at fault in law. Galleries that belong to ACGA or equivalent organisations are more likely to avoid unfair trading practices as well as commercial galleries that I have exhibited with that do not belong to ACGA, and because Art Quill & Co vets all contracts very carefully before I sign them, I have so far avoided these unseemly practices. All publicly funded galleries/museums in Australia and perhaps elsewhere in the world, are very upfront with their costs as well as with any imposts imposed on selling the exhibitor's artwork. Unfortunately in the art business, the more ethical the gallery the harder it is for them to accept your artwork for exhibiting, since every artist wants to exhibit with them!


Reference:
[1] N. Hollen and J. Saddler, Textiles, 3rd Edition, MacMillan Company, London (1968).

Saturday, December 13, 2025

Art Quilts of Emily Richardson [1]
Art Quilts

Marie-Therese Wisniowski

Preamble
Art Quilts have featured on this blogspot and so for your convenience I have listed below previous posts in this series:
Art Quilts - Part I
Art Quilts - Part II
Art Quilts - Part III
Art Quilts - Part IV
Art Quilts - Part V
Art Quilts - Part VI
Art Quilts - Part VII
Art Quilters of the Netherlands - Part I
Art Quilters of the Netherlands - Part II
Art Quilters of the Netherlands - Part III
Four Selected European Art Quilters - Part I
Four Selected European Art Quilters - Part II
Four Selected European Art Quilters - Part III
Art Quilts of Jane Sassaman
Art Quilts of Michael A. Cummings
Four Selected European Art Quilters - Part IV
Art Quilts of Carolyn Crump
Jan Myers-Newbury
Art Quilts of Karin Franzen
Art Quilts of Emily Richardson


Art Quilts of Emily Richardson [1]
Experience in fashion design and theatrical costuming gives American fiber artist, Emily Richardson, an unique appreciation for color and texture - two elements that characterize her ethereal quilts.

Emily Richardson
Emily Richardson.

Working spontaneously, Richardson typically begins each quilt with pieces of sheer silk organza, which she paints with thin washes of acrylic, letting the paint run and pool. Richardson then cuts up the pieces and arranges them onto her design wall, rearranging and layering the fabric until a cohesive composition emerges. The build up of sheer layers serves to deepen colors, define liines, or mask what lies beneath.

Until the Day
Title: Until the Day (2008).
Materials and Techniques: Silk, acrlic paint; hand sewn.
Size: 44 x 42 inches (111.8 x 106.7 cm).
Photograph: Courtesy of Rick Fine.

Detailed View
Detailed View.

Using single strands of embroidery floss that are matched to each piece, Richardson hand sews the layers together with an overcast stitch. She works with 20 or 30 needles at a time, so that she doesn't have to stop to re-thread. Her palette often reflects what she sees around her. A trip to Japan resulted in a series of works filled with clear pinks, lilacs, and cerulean blues.

Quick Water
Title: Quick Water (1998).
Materials and Techniques: Silk, cotton, netting, acrylic paint; hand sewn.
Size: 41 x 28 inches (104.1 x 71.1 cm).
Photograph: Courtesy of Rick Fine.

After the Sea
Title: After the Sea Ship (2007).
Materials and Techniques: Silk, acrylic paint; hand sewn.
Size: 44 x 34 inches (111.8 x 86.4 cm).
Photograph: Courtesy of Rick Fine.
Comment: My goal is to create a visual image that has never existed - not even in my imagination.

Detailed View
Detailed View.

The world provides plenty of inspiration for Richardson, but she says that the key to making art lies in not knowing what she's going to create next. Dense with form and color yet airy and light, her quilts seem like visions from another world.

Masque of Oriana (2004)
Masque of Oriana (2004).
Title: Masque of Oriana (2004).
Materials and Techniques: Silk, acrylic paint, cotton; hand sewn.
Size: 72 x 48 inches (1.8 x 1.2 m).
Photograph: Courtesy of Rick Fine.
Comment: I chose my medium because of the range of possibilities offered by the materials and techniques. From the fluid act of painting on cloth to the working of stitches, I'm continually excited by what I see.

Cloud Forest
Title: Cloud Forest (1999).
Materials and Techniques: Silk, acrylic paint; hand sewn.
Size: 42 x 56 inches (1 x 1.4 m).
Photograph: Courtesy of Rick Fine.

Goblin's Progress: In the Air
Title: Goblin's Progress: In the Air (2006).
Materials and Techniques: Silk, cotton, acrylic paint; hand sewn.
Size: 25 x 25 inches (63.5 x 63.5 cm).
Photograph: Courtesy of Rick Fine.

Undertow
Title: Undertow (2006).
Materials and Techniques: Silk, acrylic paint; hand sewn.
Size: 69 x 48 inches (1.7 x 1.2 m).
Photograph: Courtesy of Rick Fine.

Detail
Detailed View.

Came out of the Sea
Title: Came out of the Sea (2003).
Materials and Techniques: Silk, acrylic paint; hand sewn.
Size: 51 x 29 inches (129 x 73.7 cm).
Photograph: Courtesy of Rick Fine.
Comment: Sometimes I'll compose an entire piece on the wall, pinning bits of painted fabric in place, then dismantling the whole to start afresh. This gets me fully acquainted with the parts of a quilt.

Detail
Detailed View.

Full Fathom Five
Title: Full Fathom Five (2001).
Materials and Techniques: Silk, linen, acrylic paint; hand sewn.
Size: 60 x 31 inches (1.5 x 0.7 m).
Photograph: Courtesy of Rick Fine.

Blossoms of the Waves
Title: Blossoms of the Waves (2006).
Materials and Techniques: Silk, cotton, acrylic paint; hand sewn.
Size: 28 x 44 inches (71.1 x 111.8 cm).
Photograph: Courtesy of Rick Fine.


Reference:
[1] Masters: Art Quilts, Vol. 2, Curated by M. Sielman, Lark Crafts, An Imprint of Sterling Publishing Co., Inc., New York (2011).

Saturday, December 6, 2025

Inert Pigments [1]
Art Resource

Marie-Therese Wisniowski

Preamble
This is the fifty-first post in a new Art Resource series that specifically focuses on techniques used in creating artworks. For your convenience I have listed all the posts in this new series below:
Drawing Art
Painting Art - Part I
Painting Art - Part II
Painting Art - Part III
Painting Art - Part IV
Painting Art - Part V
Painting Art - Part VI
Home-Made Painting Art Materials
Quality in Ready-Made Artists' Supplies - Part I
Quality in Ready-Made Artists' Supplies - Part II
Quality in Ready-Made Artists' Supplies - Part III
Historical Notes on Art - Part I
Historical Notes on Art - Part II
Historical Notes on Art - Part III
Historical Notes on Art - Part IV
Historical Notes on Art - Part V
Tempera Painting
Oil Painting - Part I
Oil Painting - Part II
Oil Painting - Part III
Oil Painting - Part IV
Oil Painting - Part V
Oil Painting - Part VI
Pigments
Classification of Pigments - Part I
Classification of Pigments - Part II
Classification of Pigments - Part III
Pigments for Oil Painting
Pigments for Water Color
Pigments for Tempera Painting
Pigments for Pastel
Japanese Pigments
Pigments for Fresco Painting - Part I
Pigments for Fresco Painting - Part II
Selected Fresco Palette for Permanent Frescoes
Properties of Pigments in Common Use
Blue Pigments - Part I
Blue Pigments - Part II
Blue Pigments - Part III
Green Pigments - Part I
Green Pigments - Part II
Red Pigments - Part I
Red Pigments - Part II
Yellow Pigments - Part I
Yellow Pigments - Part II
Brown and Violet Pigments
Black Pigments
White Pigments - Part I
White Pigments - Part II
White Pigments - Part III
Inert Pigments

There have been another one hundred and thirteen posts in a previous Art Resource series that have focused on the following topics:
(i) Units used in dyeing and printing of fabrics;
(ii) Occupational, health & safety issues in an art studio;
(iii) Color theories and color schemes;
(iv) Optical properties of fiber materials;
(v) General properties of fiber polymers and fibers - Part I to Part V;
(vi) Protein fibers;
(vii) Natural and man-made cellulosic fibers;
(viii) Fiber blends and melt spun fibers;
(ix) Fabric construction;
(x) Techniques and woven fibers;
(xi) Basic and figured weaves;
(xii) Pile, woven and knot pile fabrics;
(xiii) Durable press and wash-and-wear finishes;
(xvi) Classification of dyes and dye blends;
(xv) The general theory of printing.

To access any of the above resources, please click on the following link - Units Used in Dyeing and Printing of Fabrics. This link will highlight all of the one hundred and thirteen posts in the previous a are eight data bases on this blogspot, namely, the Glossary of Cultural and Architectural Terms, Timelines of Fabrics, Dyes and Other Stuff, A Fashion Data Base, the Glossary of Colors, Dyes, Inks, Pigments and Resins, the Glossary of Fabrics, Fibers, Finishes, Garments and Yarns, Glossary of Art, Artists, Art Motifs and Art Movements, Glossary of Paper, Photography, Printing, Prints and Publication Terms and the Glossary of Scientific Terms. All data bases in the future will be updated from time-to-time.

If you find any post on this blog site useful, you can save it or copy and paste it into your own "Word" document for your future reference. For example, Safari allows you to save a post (e.g. click on "File", click on "Print" and release, click on "PDF" and then click on "Save As" and release - and a PDF should appear where you have stored it). Safari also allows you to mail a post to a friend (click on "File", and then point cursor to "Mail Contents On This Page" and release). Either way, this or other posts on this site may be a useful Art Resource for you.

The new Art Resource series will be the first post in each calendar month. Remember - these Art Resource posts span information that will be useful for a home hobbyist to that required by a final year University Fine-Art student and so undoubtedly, some parts of any Art Resource post may appear far too technical for your needs (skip those mind boggling parts) and in other parts, it may be too simplistic with respect to your level of knowledge (ditto the skip). The trade-off between these two extremes will mean that Art Resource posts will be hopefully useful in parts to most, but unfortunately may not be satisfying to all!


Inert Pigments [1]
The inert fillers or extenders are, as has been mentioned elsewhere, white or nearly white pigments, which have low refractive indices and therefore, when ground in oil in the manner of the usual artists' color, have little or no opacity or tinctorial effect.

Opacity versus tinctorial effect
Opacity versus tinctorial effect.

They are used as cheapeners or adulterants, and to impart to oil paints, various properties such as bulk, tooth, reinforcement of the film, hardness, softness, etc.

When mixed with aqueous binders or mediums, they are less transparent, and in some cases, as in the chalk-glue gesso mixture, several of them will produce brilliant, white and adequately opaque coatings. When chalk is mixed with oil, it will form a muddy, translucent paste more intense in color than the oil itself. Colored pigments which have been reduced or let down with inert materials are ordinarily muddier as well as weaker than pure pigments.

However, there are exceptions to the above, and in some instances the correct use of inert pigments may result in definite improvements in the quality or handling of paints. In a few cases, notably phthalocyanine blue, the pigment's tinting power is so enormous compared with the rest of the pigment on the palette that an addition of alumina hydrate or blanc fixe will result in an improvement in the quality and ease of manipulation. Another legitimate use for inert pigments is in gouache paints where several pigments (e.g., Indian Red and Viridian) are improved by being rendered more brilliant and smoother-working by additions of precipitated chalk or other inert pigment during manufacture. Silica of various degrees of finess is sometimes used to impart tooth or coarseness to grounds and occasionally to certain paints. Special grades of mica and asbestine will retard the settling of some liquid paints and improve their structural stability. In such cases the inert pigments function as valuable modifying ingredients rather than adulterants.

The following are the more important commercially available inert pigments. Their properties will be found in the Glossary of Colors, Dyes, Inks, Pigments and Resins. They are as follows: Alumina Hydrate; Asbestine; Barytes; Blanc fixe; Chalk; China Clay; Gypsum; Ifusorial Earth; Magnesium Carbonate; Marble Dust; Mica; Pumice; Silica; Talc; Whiting.

Alumina hydrate is the best and most widely used material for extending transparent pigments, and blanc fixe for heavy, opaque pigments. Precipitated chalk is used to make gesso and pastels and to brighten or extend gouache colors.

Calcium carbonate, chalk, whiting, marble, and limestone have the same chemical composition, and differ only in crystalline structure, density, or degree of purity.

Chalk
Calcium Carbonate Natural Limestone Chalk.

Mineral stone calcite
Mineral stone calcite. A white or colorless mineral consisting of calcium carbonate. It is a major constituent of sedimentary rocks such as limestone.


Reference:
[1] The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques, R. Mayer (ed. E. Smith) 4th Edition, Faber and Faber, London (1981).